□ 


■  □ 


SALOON 
SURVEY 

NEW  YORK  CITY 


CHANGES  IN  SALOON  PROPERTY 
TER  THE  FIRST  THREE  YEARS 

A.  J  AFTER  FIVE  YEARS  OF  PROHIBITION 

mm 


SURVEY  PREPARED  BY  THE  RESEARCH  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE 

WORLD  LEAGUE  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

ROBERT    EVERETT    CORRADINI,    RESEARCH  SECRETARY 


THE  WORLD  LEAGUE  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

-  WESTERVILLE,  OHIO 
RESEARCH  DEPARTMENT:     150  FIFTH  AVENUE,  NEW  YORK  CITY 


PRINTED    IN    UNITED  STATES   OF  AMERICA 


Avery  Architectural  and  Fine  Arts  Library 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


SALOON  SURVEY 
OF  NEW  YORK  CITY 

PROHIBITION  and  SALOONS  and  LIQUOR  STORES 

BY  ROBERT  E.  CORRADINI,   RESEARCH    SECRETARY    OF   THE   WORLD    LEAGUE  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 


o 


N  JUNE  30.  1924,  there  was  concluded  the 
first  five  years  of  National  Prohibition  in  the 
United  States  of  America.  Many  had  been 
the  rosy  prophecies  of  friends  and  many  the 
dire  lamentations  of  foes  as  to  what  would  be 
the  result  of  this  national  experi- 
ment in  moral  reform. 

What  has  Prohibition  really  ac- 
complished during  these  first  few 
years  ? 

The  prognostications  are  many. 
The  opinions,  pro  or  con.  still 
more  abundant,  but  the  facts  as- 
certained, proven  and  unchal- 
lenged are  as  yet,  few. 

There  are  given  here,  data  of 
such  reliable  nature  as  to  warrant, 
we  trust,  our  conclusions  and  to 
enable  the  earnest  seeker  of  truth 
to  form  his  own  opinion  regard- 
ing the  working  of  Prohibition  in 
the  City  of  New  York.  In  other 
pamphlets  there  has  been  shown, 
with  photographs,  charts  and  ta- 
bles, what  any  casual  visitor  may 
notice  to  have  occurred  in  New- 
York  City  during,  and  because  of 
Prohibition  ;  here  arc  given  the  re- 
sults of  *he  latest  surveys  regard- 
ing the  effects  of  the  Volstead  Act 
on  saloon  properties  and  liquor 
stores.  These  surveys  were  pre- 
pared by  the  Research  Department 
of  the  World  League  Against  Al- 
coholism through  its  New  York 

City  office  at  150  Fifth  Avenue,  where  all  the  tabulated 
material  is  riled  and  can  be  inspected  by  anyone  who 
wishes  to  go  into  further  detail. 

RETROSPECT 
May  we  not  refresh  the  reader's  mind,  who.  after  read- 
ing in  the  last  few  years  so  much  of  the  real  or  imaginary 
failings  of  Prohibition,  is  apt  to  have  forgotten  the  actual 
situation  prior  to  the  advent  of  the  Eighteenth  Amend- 
ment ? 

We  have  to  go  back  to  1916,  one  year  before  this  coun- 
try entered  the  World  Conflict,  in  order  to  have  a  year 
which  can  be  considered  normal  and  typically  wet.  Amer- 
ica's entry  into  the  war  brought  with  it  a  host  of  restric- 
tions to  the  liquor  traffic  in  1917  and  1918;  these  mea- 
sures make  it  really  impossible  to  consider  any  year  after 
1916  as  a  typical,  normal  pre-prohibition  year. 

What  the  situation  of  the  liquor  traffic  was  in  1916  is 
best  expressed  by  Mr.  Gustave  Pabst,  President  of  the 
United  States  Brewers'  Convention,  when,  in  addressing 

THREE 


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OS  f!IK  LAND  OCCUPIED  r.Y  THIS  BUILDING  THERE  WERE 
ERECTED  IN  THE  VERY  EARLY  HAYS  OF  THE  DUTCH  COL- 
ONIES TWO  rAVRRNSj  NUMBER  ONE  \ND  NUMBER  THREE 
BROADWAY.  THESE  CONTINUED  OFF  AND  ON.  FIRST  AS 
TAYKRNS  AND  LATER  \S  SALOONS  UNTIL  THE  ADVENT  OF 
PROHIBITION.  THIS  MAGNIFICENT  STRUCTURE  HAS  DIS- 
PLACED   AN    OLD    BUILDINC,    WH'CH    HOUSED    A  SALOON 


that  gathering  assembled  at  Cleveland.  ( )hio,  on  Novem- 
ber 21,  1916.  in  his  opening  address.  "The  Policy  of  the 
Brewing  industry,"  ( which  was  formally  endorsed  by  that 
body  as  an  expression  of  its  policy  and  purposes )  he  said : 
"The  question  for  thoughtful  men  is  how  this  industry 
may  be  so  regulated  that  the  evils 
incident  to  it  shall  gradually  di- 
minish, and  intemperance  be  re- 
duced until  it  becomes  a  negligi- 
ble social  factor.  What  sugges- 
tions can  be  made  to  stem  the  tide 
of  national  prohibition,  which  if 
continued,  while  it  will  not  result, 
as  has  been  proven,  in  bettering 
conditions  will  spell  ruin  to  pres- 
ent investments,  and  disaster  to 
the  cause  of  real  temperance? 
While  it  can  be  easily  established 
that  some  of  the  causes  which 
have  been  suggested  are  exagger- 
ated, and  are  not  the  sole  fault 
of  those  in  the  business,  this  will 
not  satisfy  the  public  demand. 
Promises,  advice  to  the  trade,  res- 
olutions of  condemnation,  etc.. 
w  ill  not  suffice.  A  policy  must  be 
agreed  to  and  acted  upon.  Mere 
temporary  action  will  not  do.  It 
must  be  persistent,  energetic,  thor- 
ough and  continuous.  Any  policy 
we  may  agree  upon  will  find  ob- 
jectors in  our  ranks;  reasons  why 
it  is  impracticable  will  be  urged; 
but  we  must  overlook  our  imme- 
diate personal  interests  and  the 
effect  upon  our  business,  in  order 
to  arrive  at  a  possible  solution 
which  will  ultimately  result  in  per- 
manency to  our  industry.  .  .  ."* 

In  the  introduction  of  the  same  Year  Hook,  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Association  states:  "The  trade,  indeed,  has 
many  sins  to  ansiver  for"  .  .  .  also,  "Probably  no  other 
nation  in  the  world  has  so  much  legislation  on  the  subject 
of  liquor  as  ow  own,  reckoning  of  course  the  enactments 
of  tlie  several  states.  .  .  .  "f 

We  see  from  the  foregoing  that  everything  was  not  well 
with  the  liquor  trade,  according  to  its  own  records,  as  far 
back  as  1916.  In  this  same  book,  we  find  that  during  that 
year  there  were,  for  the  State  of  New  York,  approxi- 
mately 30.638  retailers  of  intoxicating  beverages,  or  one 
to  every  329  inhabitants. 

The  New  York  Excise  Department  reports  only  22,199 
licenses  issued  to  saloons,  and  2,140  to  liquor  stores,  a 
total  of  24,339  liquor  licenses  for  the  state  at  the  end  of 
1916. 

May  we  not,  in  parenthesis,  note  the  discrepancy  in 

*  1 9 1 6  Year  Book,  V.  S.  Brewers'  Association,    jltalics  ours. 


these  figures?  The  brewers  report  30,638  retailers  for 
New  York  State  in  the  year  1916 — evidently  their  clients 
— but  the  Excise  Department  of  the  State  reports  only 
22,199  saloons  and  2,140  liquor  stores  that  had  paid  taxes. 
Here  is  a  difference  of  over  6,000  licenses  for  retailers  in 
alcoholic  beverages.  Did  the  brewers  report  more  clients 
than  they  really  had?  If  so,  for  what  purpose?  Or  did 
the  Excise  Department  report  fewer  license  holders  than 
the  number  actually  paying  a  tax  to  the  State,  or  may  we 
be  so  horribly  bold  as  to  foster  the  thought,  unfounded  of 
course (  !)  that  there  might  actually  have  been  more  re- 
tailers than  the  number  who  were  paying  taxes?  Could 
this  be?  Why,  then,  if  it  is  even  only  a  bare  possibility, 
are  we  to  assume  that  in  1916  there  were  in  New  York 
6.000  to  8,000  bootleggers  ?  But  were  we  not  told  by  the 
"interests''  that  bootlegging  is  a  product  of  Prohibition? 

In  our  surveys  of  1922  and  1924  of  saloons  which  had 
been  licensed  in  1916  and  1918  we  found  anywhere  from 
eight  to  ten  per  cent  of  the  total  of  old  "gin  mills"  which 
had  apparently  been  doing  business  for  years  but  for 
which  we  could  find  no  record  in  the  files  that  they  had 
ever  paid  for  a  license.  This  is  true  not  only  of  New 
York  City  but  also  of  Albany,  Buffalo,  Rochester,  Syra- 
cuse, Utica  and  Yonkers  which  we  surveyed.  The  data  for 
these  and  other  cities  are  on  file  in  our  office.  We  have 
reference  here  only  to  saloons  which  paid  no  tax  or  the 
record  of  which  could  not  be  found  in  the  Excise  reports. 
It  does  not  include  the  hundreds  and  thousands  of  private 
families  who,  before  Prohibition,  made  a  few  barrels  of 
wine  every  year  which  of  course  was  sold  to  their  friends. 
This  latter  phenomenon,  peculiar  especially  to  our  foreign 
quarters,  was  not  "known"  to  exist  before  Prohibition  but 
was  readily  discovered  by  the  wets  themselves  soon  after 
the  Eighteenth  Amendment  became  law  and  a  certain 
class  of  citizenry  felt  it  to  be  their  patriotic  duty  to  broad- 
cast all  of  the  shortcomings  of  the  enforcement  of  this 
one  particular  section  of  the  organic  law. 

NEW  YORK  CITY  BEFORE  PROHIBITION 

In  1916  the  New  York  City  saloons  and  liquor  stores 
were  under  direct  control  of  the  New  York  State  Excise 
Department  which  had  been  functioning  for  the  whole  of 
the  state  since  1896.  We  believe  that  the  secretary  of  the 
Brewers'  Association  was  quite  right  in  commenting  upon 
the  multitude  of  laws  and  regulations  enacted  by  the 
State  Legislatures  in  connection  with  the  liquor  traffic. 
New  York  State  took  a  prominent  part  in  this  orgy  of 
legislation.  This,  however,  did  not  materially  reduce  al- 
coholism as  a  scourge,  and  the  effects  of  these  laws  and 
regulations  were  not  at  all  commensurate  with  the  efforts 
of  the  legislators. 

In  1010  there  were  10,775  saloons  in  New  York  City 
and  at  the  end  of  1916  after  six  more  years  of  admitted 
prolific  legislation,  the  number  had  diminished  to  9,667. 


or  a  decrease  of  1,108  which  represents  an  average  falling 
off  of  185  saloons  per  year.  (See  table  A.) 
'  All  this  abundance  of  liquor  legislation  did  not  decrease 
the  number  of  liquor  stores  throughout  the  city  because 
while  in  1010  there  were  1,181  of  these  licenses;  by  the 
end  of  1916  there  were  1,235,  or  an  increase  of  54  for 
Greater  New  York. 

Also,  the  direct  fatal  results  of  this  nefarious  industry 
had  shown  proportionate  changes.  In  1910  in  Greater 
New  York  there  were  621  deaths  from  alcoholism.  In 
1016  the  Health  Department  reported  687  of  these  deaths. 
The  weekly  average  was  11.9  in  1910  and  13.2  in  1916. 
The  population  had  increased,  but  the  alcoholic  death  rate 
per  100,000  population  was  13  in  1910  and  13  in  1916. 
The  deaths  from  acute  and  chronic  alcoholism  in  Belle- 
vue  Hospital  alone,  which  were  189  in  1910,  rose  to  418 
in  1916. 

From  1910  to  1916,  the  arrests  for  intoxication  had  not 
decreased  to  such  an  extent  as  one  would  have  expected 
to  be  the  case,  considering  the  efforts  put  forth  by  the 
legislators  to  encompass  the  evil  of  drunkenness.  The 
arrests  reported  by  the  New  York  Police  Department 
were  as  follows : 

1910  \  ......  22,505 

1911   21,994 

1912   20.640  . 

1913   '.  21,727 

1914  . . . . :   20,269 

1915   20,199 

1916   17,099 

The  admissions  to  homes  for  inebriates  during  that 
period,  were  as  follows : 

The  admissions  to  these  homes  for  men  were  about  the 
same  in  1916  as  in  1910.  The  admissions  to  homes  for 
inebriate  women  which  were  far  below  the  400  mark  in 
1910.  had  increased  to  almost  500  by  1916. 

One  may  well  ask  for  what  purpose  was  all  this  liquor 
legislation  enacted,  anyhow?  It  did  not  reduce  the  num- 
ber of  saloons  to  any  noticeable  extent  and  so  far  as  alco- 
holic mortality  is  concerned,  the  rate  remained  stationary. 
Does  not  the  situation  in  New  York  indicate  that  "regu- 
lation" of  the  "trade"  by  ordinance  or  legislation  is  an 
impotent  palliative  for  alcoholism?  Or  is  one  to  assume 
that  there  is  an  inherent  degree  of  wickedness  in  New 
York  City  alone  which  frustrates  the  benefits  which  ac- 
crue to  a  community  which  properly  regulates  the  traffic 
in  alcoholic  beverages?  If  this  should  be  the  case — and 
as  a  New  Yorker  I  emphatically  deny  it — what  benefits 
are  there  to  show  for  those  nations  and  communities 
where  legislators  suffocate  under  avalanches  of  liquor 
bills  and  acts,  while  their  fellow-citizens  who  are  sup- 
posed to  enjoy  the  fruits  of  these  enactments.,  fill  courts, 


TABLE  A 

NUMBER  OF  LIQUOR  LICENSES  IN  FORCE  AT  THE  END  OF  THE  FISCAL  YEAR  (SEPTEMBER  30)  IN  THE  FIVE 

BOROUGHS  CONSTITUTING  GREATER  NEW  YORK 


MANHATTAN 

RRONX 

BROOKLYN 

QUEENS 

RII  II  M  ON  D 

TOTAL 

I 

ir 

1 

TI 

I 

II 

I 

11 

1 

11 

I 

11 

TOTAL 

SA- 

LIQUOR 

SA- 

LIQUOR 

SA- 

LIQUOR 

SA- 

LIQUOR 

SA- 

LIQUOR 

SA- 

LIQUOR 

SALOONS  AND 

LOONS 

STORES 

LOON'S 

STORES 

LOONS 

STORES 

LOONS 

STORES 

.OO  NS 

STORES 

LOONS 

STORES 

LIQUOR  STORES 

1910 

5,565 

710 

* 

* 

3,254 

320 

1.467 

132 

489 

19 

10,775 

1,181 

11,956 

191 1 

5.553 

712 

* 

3,178 

317 

1,471 

142 

491 

22 

10,693 

1,193 

11,886 

1912 

5,444 

793 

* 

* 

3,073 

318 

1,484 

161 

488 

23 

10,489 

1,295 

11,784 

1913 

5,414 

809 

* 

* 

2,994 

316 

1,47') 

178 

489 

23 

10,376 

1,326 

11,702 

1914 

4,520 

705 

855 

98 

2,921 

313 

1,493 

177 

491 

23 

10,280 

1.316 

11,596 

1915 

4,356 

676 

857 

96 

2,831 

315 

1,531 

188 

483 

23 

10,058 

1,298 

11,356 

1916 

4,165 

630 

844 

100 

2,704 

300 

1.480 

181 

474 

24 

0,667 

1,235 

10,902 

1917 

3.975 

582 

814 

86 

2,602 

248 

1,425 

171 

461 

22 

9,277 

1,109 

10,386 

1918 

3,608 

463 

686 

47 

2,247 

173 

1,216 

140 

411 

18 

8,168 

841 

9,009 

'Licenses  for 

Manhattan 

anil  Ilronx 

are  grouped  together 

in  reports  o 

f  1910- 

1913  inclusive. 

.SOt'RCK:     Data  from  Annual  Reports,  State 

Commissioner  of  Excise. 

PHOTOGRAPHS     TELL    OF    WONDERFUL  CHANGES 


FIVE 


TABLE  F 

SHOWING  NATURE  OF  CONCERNS  WHICH  HAVE 
SUPPLANTED  SALOONS  AND  LIQUOR  STORES 
IN  MANHATTAN  UP  TO  1922 


All  saloons  and  liquor  stores  surveyed    1,877  =  100% 

New  concerns  on  same  premises    2,090  =  111% 

Food  concerns    891  =  42% 

Clothing    404  =  19% 

Home  Furnishings,  etc   353  =  17% 

AM  others    403  =  19% 

Malt  and  Sacramental  Wine  . . .  39  =  2% 


Properties  renovated    939  =  50% 

Properties  vacant    73  =  4% 


homes  for  indigents  and  institutions  for  those  demented 
by  alcohol? 

In  table  A  there  is  given  a  mirror,  showing  the  progress 
and  the  results  of  the  last  decade  of  State  liquor  legisla- 
tion, and  the  direct  results  upon  the  number  of  saloons  and 
liquor  stores  in  the  five  boroughs  which  compose  Greater 
New  York. 

L'p  to  1916  the  change  is  more  one  of  shifting  than  of 

SALOON  SURVEYS 

DURING  the  summer  of  1922  we  endeavored 
to  obtain  information  regarding  saloon  prop- 
erties, inquiry  was  made  at  the  offices  of  all 
organizations  either  in  favor  of,  or  opposed 
to,  Prohibition.  No  one  seemed  to  know  ex- 
actly to  what  extent  Prohibition  had  affected  the  saloons. 
Many  theories  and  many  conclusions  were  advanced,  but 
there  were  no  reliable  data  to  support  any  of  the  many 
prognostications.  The  Research  Department  then  pro- 
ceeded in  a  systematic  way  to  ascertain  the  actual  facts  in 
the  case.  In  order  to  ascertain  accurately  how  saloons  had 
been  affected,  we  investigated  several  thousand  of  them 
and  have  preserved  the  findings  in  our  files.  Our  first  ex- 
tensive survey  was  made  in  1922. 

During  1923  we  went  over  the  same  field  again,  not  so 
extensively,  however,  as  in  1922.  But  in  1924,  we  made 
our  second  large  survey  of  saloons  covering  approxi- 
mately 3,000  properties  in  Manhattan  alone.  This  latest 
survev  was  made  by  a  trained  force  during  the  month  of 
July,  '1924. 

The  survey  of  1922  covers  Manhattan,  the  Bronx,  Kings 
(better  known  as  Brooklyn),  Queens  and  Staten  Island 
(Richmond  County),  the  five  boroughs  or  counties  which 
constitute  Greater  New  York. 

We  are  giving  here  in  detail  the  method  of  the  survey 
in  order  that  the  reader  may  form  his  own  conclusions  as 
to  the  reliability  and  worth  of  the  data  presented  in  these 
pages. 

As  stated,  all  liquor  licenses  in  the  State  of  New  York 
were  issued,  since  1896,  by  one  office  known  as  the  De- 
partment of  Excise.  This  Department  published  yearly 
up  to  1918,  a  report  in  two  volumes,  the  first  part  con- 
taining statistical  data,  the  second,  the  name  of  every 
license  holder  and  the  exact  location  of  the  premises 
licensed. 

We  had  as  our  authority  for  the  survey  of  1922,  the 
Annual  Report  of  1918.  We  card-indexed  every  saloon 
or  liquor  store  on  the  main  thoroughfares  of  the  city,  then 
visited  each  of  them,  noting  our  findings  on  the  cards  and 
then,  later  (in,  checked  up  on  a  sufficient  number  of  them 
to  be  Mire  that  the  reports  were  uniform  and  represented 
the  actual  situation. 

Our  1922  survey,  then,  compares  the  situation  of  that 
year  with  conditions  in  1918,  or  the  last  wet  year  before 
war-time  prohibition  went  into  effect.  For  our  survey  of 
1924,  we  went  back  to  1916,  considering  that  year  a  more 
truly  representative  year  of  the  old  regime.  Our  findings 
in  the  survey  of  1922  are  reported  here  on  pages  8-1 1. 

We  reproduce  herewith,  a  facsimile  of  one  of  our 
working  cards,  one  of  approximately  25,000  covering 
surveys  made  throughout  the  State  of  New  York.  The 
complete  list  of  license  holders  as  used  by  us  for  the  1922 
survey  is  found  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Com- 
missioner of  Excise  of  the  State  of  New  York  for  1918. 
volume  2.  pages  9-23.  68-109,  131-215,  242-266,  270-277. 

The  basis  for  the  1924  survey  is  found  in  the  Annual 


direct  elimination  of  liquor  concerns.  Saloons  closed  in 
one  place  and  opened  somewhere  else.  Hundreds  of  them 
forgot  or  neglected  to  obtain  licenses  in  their  new  abode. 

A  close  scrutiny  of  table  A  will  convince  most  people 
that  there  are  few  fields  of  legislation  where  the  efforts 
of  law  makers  are  so  barren  and  sterile  as  in  admonish- 
ing and  advising  the  liquor  trade  not  to  be  "naughty"  (  \) 

OF   1922  AND  1924 

Report  of  the  named  commissioner,  year  1916,  volume  2, 
pages  263-369. 

The  results  of  the  latest  survey  are  found  on  page  14. 

In  both  surveys  a  number  of  saloons  are  reported  as 
being  "still  in  business."  This  does  not  imply  that  these 
premises  were  known  bootlegging  establishments.  We 
mean  to  convey  the  idea  that  so  far  as  we  were  able  to 
observe,  no  outward  changes  had  taken  place.  In  other 
words,  these  premises  looked  as  they  did  before  Prohi- 
bition and  most  of  them  (this  from  mental  notes)  smelled 
as  fetid  as  ever.  In  the  reports  in  the  daily  press  of  ap- 
prehensions of  violators  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment 
we  found,  when  we  tabulated  these  lists,  that  from  60  to 
73  per  cent  of  the  violations  were  in  connection  with  old 
time  saloons  now  doing  business  on  the  old  spots,  but 
selling,  ostensibly,  soft  drinks.  We  believe  to  be  thor- 
oughly justified  in  classifying  these  places  which  look  ex- 
actly as  before,  as  potential  sources  of  violations  of  the 
Eighteenth  Amendment. 

THE  BABEL  WHICH  IS  NEW  YORK 

For  those  readers  who  are  not  well  acquainted  with  the 
City  of  New  York,  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  give  a 
description  of  the  city,  this  cosmopolitan  conglomeration 
which  has  absorbed  from  the  four  corners  of  the  universe, 
the  good,  the  bad  and  the  indifferent.  New  York  is  truly 
a  seething  caldron,  where  human  masses  mingle  in  end- 
less streams,  where  all  standards  of  living  are  indulged  in 
or  tolerated,  where  every  language  is  spoken  and  creed 
is  known  and  where  every  law  and  custom  is  seen,  not 
through  the  eye  of  New  England  America,  the  West- 
ern or  the  Southern  viewpoint,  but  is  interpreted  through 
the  many  racial  prejudices  and  understood  with  a  foreign 
twist.  Here  is  truly  a  great  battle-ground  of  idealism  and 
civilization.  Are  American  ideals  really  being  absorbed 
and  are  they  leavening  this  heterogeneous  mass  of  human- 
ity? Or  are  they  so  mitigated  or  adulterated  by  foreign 
habit  and  view-point  as  to  degenerate  into  hybrid  and  in- 
congruous nonentities  ? 

While  these  considerations  may  apparently  be  totally 
out  of  place  in  a  survey  dealing  with  saloon  properties, 
yet  they  become  vitally  important  when  we  try  to  study 
and  understand  how  effective  a  law  which  so  typically 
represents  American  idealism  (of  Main  Street,  if  you 
please )  as  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  is,  in  such  an  alien 
atmosphere. 

The  Eighteenth  Amendment  is  a  more  far-reaching 
piece  of  legislation  than  just  the  elimination  of  saloons. 
Whatever  the  results  may  be  in  rural  America,  when  a 
law  of  this  tenor  invades  cosmopolitan  centers  like  New 
York,  where  in  many  sections  the  preponderant  majority 
is  so  thoroughly  alien  in  spirit  and  ideal,  there  is  a  con- 
flict,  the  outcome  of  which  is  really  interesting,  and  of 
great  national  portent. 

(  ireater  Mew  York  is  composed  of  five  boroughs,  each 
one  a  separate  county.  Within  the  border  of  each  one  of 
these  counties  there  are  many  little  foreign  cities. 


8  I  X 


FORMER      SALOON  SITES 

BLACK 


In  Manhattan,  ( the  Island  which  lives  by  grace  of  Wall 
Street,  on  Broadway  and  for  Fifth  Avenue)  the  best 
known  part  of  New  York  and  Xevv  York  City  proper, 
there  is,  for  instance  on  the  Lower  East  Side,  a  distinctly 
Jewish  city.  Further  up  on  the  same  side  of  the  Island 
there  are  colonies  inhabited  almost  exclusively  by  Ger- 
mans or  by  Italians.  In  the  same  way  there  are  small 
French  colonies,  Greek,  Czech,  Chinese  and  other  foreign 
centers.  Mulberry  Street,  in  one  of  the  several  Italian 
quarters,  is  to  all  the  world  like  a  section  of  Naples,  and 
in  Harlem,  in  certain  parts,  the  German  clement  domi- 
nates the  atmosphere  so  completely  that  one  wonders  at 
times  if  this  is  Xew  York  or  Germany. 

We  are  incorporating  in  this  survey  an  interesting  map 
of  a  section  of  the  lower  East  Side,  where,  according  to 
Senator  Royal  S.  Copeland,  former  Health  Commissioner 
of  our  city,  the  density  of  the  population  surpasses  the 
one-half  million  mark  per  square  mile.  It  is  here  that 
Xew  York  has  its  slums,  gangs  and  tenements  and  where 
originate  most  of  our  sad  tales  of  misery  and  poverty  so 
heart-rending  and  pathetic,  known  by  all.  believed  by 
some  and  scorned  by  the  dwellers  of  this  section  of  Xew 
York.  This  district  is  inhabited  almost  exclusively  by 
Jewish  people.  It  is  part  of  the  Ghetto,  and  one  would 
think,  knowing  the  proverbial  sobriety  of  the  Jewish  people, 
that  the  liquor  traffic  would  not  be  able  to  gain  a  foothold 
here.  Any  such  conclusion  is  gratuitous  and  shows  a  sad 
lack  of  understanding  of  the  liquor  trade.  The  liquor  traffic 
has  never  waited  for  an  invitation  to  invade  any  particu- 
lar district.  Neither  has  it  ever  been  known  to  be  bashful 
or  reticent  in  imposing  its  blight  upon  unsuspecting  people. 
Chart  I  shows  the  situation  in  this  particular  district  in 


1916  when  there  were  as  many  as  14  saloons  to  one  block. 
By  contrast  it  shows  the  same  district  in  1924,  after  four 
years  of  Prohibition. 

W'e  had  to  qiiard,  in  our  survey,  against  the  fallacy  of 
surveying  one  section  too  intensely  and  neglecting  others. 
This,  of  course,  would  have  materially  changed  the  results. 

In  order  that  this  survey  might  be  thoroughly  and  hon- 
estly representative  of  the  actual  conditions,  we  have 
taken,  in  Manhattan,  for  instance,  all  avenues.  First  to 
Eleventh,  also  those  which  have  names  instead  of  numbers, 
and  surveyed  the  streets  all  the  way  from  the  beginning 
to  the  very  end.  For  instance,  First.  Second  and  Third 
Avenues  are  populated,  at  their  beginning,  almost  ex- 
clusively by  Jewish  people.  Further  North,  these  avenues 
run  through  Italian,  Greek,  Russian.  Slav  and  German 
colonics.  In  following  the  avenues  from  beginning  to 
end,  almost  the  full  length  of  Xew  York,  we  have  covered 
impartially  all  the  districts.  It  should  be  remembered  that 
most  of  the  stores,  saloons  and  liquor  shops  were  on  the 
avenues;  very  few  were  to  be  found  on  the  cross  streets. 
In  order  to  make  the  survey  still  further  representative 
of  the  actual  situation,  we  have  taken  some  of  the  cross 
Greets  which  are  best  known,  14th,  23rd,  34th.  42nd. 
125th  and  others,  and  have  surveyed  these  from  East  to 
W  est.  W'e  are  satisfied  that  this  is  not  a  partial  survey 
but  represents  the  true  condition  of  Manhattan  and,  to  a 
large  extent,  of  Greater  Xew  York,  as  found  at  the  end 
of  1 022  or  in  1924.  All  places  were  visited  by  the  same 
staff.  The  data  from  all  the  streets  and  avenues  were 
compiled  by  the  same  method.  Everything  that  was  hu- 
manly possible  was  done  to  eliminate  error  or  bias. 

Many  changes,  of  course,  took  place  even  during  1922 
and  1924,  but  almost  all  were  for  the  good. 


SURVEY    OF  1922 


EXTENT  OF  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC  BEFORE 
PROHIBITION 

IN  1915  there  were  for  the  ten  million  persons  in  the 
State  of  New  York,  approximately  23,000  saloons. 
These  were  reduced  to  about  22,000  in  1916.  Dur- 
ing 1917,  throughout  the  State  including  the  City  of 
New  York,  various  restrictions  went  into  force, 
chiefly  due  to  American  entrance  into  the  World  War 
when  it  became  imperative  to  save  not  only  foodstuffs  and 
transportation,  but  man  power  as  well.  From  1917  to 
1918,  the  number  of  saloons  throughout  the  State  de- 
creased from  20,000  to  15,000,  due  largely  to  local  option 
measures.  In  the  City  of  New  York  the  decrease  was  less 
marked,  where  the  9,277  saloons  of  1917  decreased  to 
8.168  in  1918.  During  these  two  years  the  decrease  in  the 
rest  of  the  State,  exclusive  of  New  York  City,  was  from 
11,513  to  7,319.  In  the  Fall  of  1919  the  total  of  15,000 
saloons  of  1918  for  the  whole  State  had  further  decreased 
to  11,000.  These  figures  show  plainly  that  local  option 
and  the  approach  of  National  Prohibition  did  more  in  two 
years  to  eliminate  saloons  than  the  previous  ten  years  of 
liquor  control  by  the  Excise  Board. 

On  July  1,  1919,  War-time  Prohibition  became  effective. 
In  New  York  State,  licenses  were  still  being  issued,  how- 
ever. Few  took  Prohibition  seriously  in  New  York  City 
at  that  time.  Many  took  out  licenses,  anticipating  that  de- 
mobilization might  be  concluded  and  War-time  Prohibi- 
tion abrogated  before  the  going  into  effect  of  National 
Prohibition  by  Constitutional  Amendment.  On  January 
16,  1920,  Constitutional  Prohibition  superseded  War-time 
Prohibition,  and  at  the  end  of  that  year  there  were  8,358 
licenses  issued  to  saloonkeepers  besides  586  to  liquor  deal- 
ers throughout  the  State. 

DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  LICENSES 
While  there  were  several  classes  of  licenses  issued,  for 
our  present  purpose  only  two  will  be  given  which  em- 
braced the  preponderant  majority.  Licenses,  or  Certifi- 
cates Number  One,  were  issued  to  hotels  and  saloons  and 
authorized  the  holder  to  sell  alcoholic  beverages  to  be  con- 
sumed on  the  premises.  This  corresponds  to  the  English 
On-license.  Licenses  Number  Two  were  for  stores  selling 
alcoholic  beverages  but  did  not  permit  the  holder  to  allow 
his  patrons  to  consume  the  goods  on  the  premises.  These 
licenses  are  the  same  as  the  Off-license  in  the  English 
system. 

In  1918,  92  per  cent  of  the  licenses  issued  to  dealers  for 
the  sale  of  alcohol  for  beverage  purposes  were  to  saloons 
and  hotels,  while  8  per  cent  were  for  liquor  stores.  Ap- 
proximately the  same  ratio  held  true  for  Greater  New 
York  where  the  saloons  had  about  90  per  cent  of  the 
licenses  and  the  liquor  stores  a  little  over  9  per  cent.  For 
Manhattan  (New  York  City  proper)  4,071  licenses  were 
issued  in  that  year,  3,608  or  about  89  per  cent  for  saloons, 
and  463  or  1 1  per  cent  for  liquor  stores.  (See  tables  B,  C.) 
SITUATION  IN  MANHATTAN  ISLAND 
(New  York  County) 

In  Manhattan,  the  heart  of  New  York  City,  most  of  the 
saloons  and  liquor  stores  were  on  the  Avenues.  Some 
avenues  had  no  liquor  stores,  others  only  a  very  few. 
There  were  certain  sections  in  Manhattan,  especially  the 
residential  parts,  where  hardly  any  saloons  or  liquor  stores 
were  to  be  found.  The  exact  figures  for  the  whole  State 
and  Greater  New  York  are  to  be  found  in  table  B,  while 
in  table  C  we  have  given  a  summary  showing  also  in  per- 


centages the  distribution  of  saloons  and  liquor  stores  for 
the  State  and  for  New  York  City. 

Table  D,  page  11,  gives  the  itemized  results  of  the  sur- 
vey, showing  how  the  saloons  and  liquor  stores  were  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  different  sections  of  the  City.  In 
table  E,  page  20,  we  have  the  data  for  Manhattan  only. 

Fifth  Avenue  divides  Manhattan  into  East  and  West. 
From  First  to  Fifth  Avenue  there  is  the  East  Side  and  from 
Fifth  there  is  the  West  Side  of  the  City.  Fifth  Avenue  is 
the  shopping  center  below  57th  Street  and  one  of  the  most 
exclusive  residential  sections  from  57th  Street  to  approxi- 
mately 100th  Street.  From  110th  Street  on,  Fifth  Ave- 
nue is  part  of  a  Jewish  colony  and  above  130th  Street  it 
runs  through  the  colored  section  of  Harlem.  Broadway 
is  one  of  the  best  known  thoroughfares  in  the  world.  An- 
other of  our  pamphlets  deals  with  Broadway.  The  Bow- 
ery also  is  described  elsewhere.  On  First,  Second  and 
Third  Avenues,  also  Seventh,  Eighth  and  Ninth,  the 
population  is  to  a  large  extent  composed  of  working  peo- 
ple. Fourth,  Lexington  and  Columbus  Avenues  are  part 
of  a  better  environment.  It  is  noted  that  in  the  first  three 
and  from  Seventh  to  Ninth  and  Amsterdam  Avenues 
there  were  more  saloons  than  on  any  other  thoroughfare. 

Sixth  Avenue  is  a  business  street  almost  exclusively. 
Broadway  shows  a  great  number  of  saloons,  but  that  is 
due  to  the  fact  that  that  thoroughfare  is  very  much  longer 
than  many  of  the  others.  Under  "Miscellaneous"  in 
table  D,  page  11,  we  have  given  the  result  of  the  survey 
of  saloons  and  liquor  stores,  on  cross  streets  as  14th, 
23rd,  34th,  42nd,  and  others  up  to  125th  street. 

RESULTS  OF  PROHIBITION  IN  MANHATTAN 

Table  E,  page  20,  dealing  with  Manhattan  only,  shows 
that  of  the  1,877  licenses  which  were  investigated,  we 
found  687  which  were  apparently  still  doing  business. 
We  found  no  liquor  stores  anywhere.  The  total  number 
of  1,190  places  had  discontinued.  Of  these  213  had  been 
liquor  stores,  977  had  been  saloons.  Up  to  the  summer 
of  1922  this  would  show  that  59  per  cent  of  the  saloons 
had  ceased  to  exist,  while  100  per  cent  of  the  investigated 
liquor  stores  had  closed  their  doors.  For  all  licensed 
places,  we  found  that  the  decrease  was  63.4  per  cent.  It 
is  interesting  to  note  that  the  1,190  former  bars  and  liq- 
uor stores  which  discontinued  have  been  replaced  by 
2,090  different  stores,  not  including  73  which  at  the  time 
were  vacant  and  most  of  them  so  because  still  in  process 
of  alteration.  This  would  indicate  an  increase  of  over 
11  per  cent  in  rented  properties. 

In  table  F,  page  5,  we  have  summarized  certain  inter- 
esting features  of  table  E.  For  instance,  we  found  that 
43  per  cent  of  the  stores  were  taken  by  concerns  dealing 
in  food,  19  per  cent  were  selling  clothing,  while  17  per 
cent  were  concerns  directly  or  indirectly  connected  with 
the  furnishing  of  homes;  they  include  furniture,  music 
stores,  hardware  stores,  most  of  these  latter  stores  deal- 
ing more  or  less  in  kitchen  utensils  and  other  necessities 
of  the  home. 

HOME  BREW? 
The  objection  has  been  raised  that  many  saloons  have 
gone  out  of  business  and  that  their  place  has  been  taken 
over  by  concerns  selling  distilling  outfits  and  implements 
for  home  brew.  It  is  very  significant  that  we  found  only 
36  malt  and  hop  stores  throughout  Manhattan,  and  a  total 
of  43  for  the  city,  and  most  of  them  were  on  First,  Sec- 
ond and  Third  Avenues.    Fourth,  Fifth,  Seventh,  Elev- 


EIGHT 


enth  Avenues  and  Broadway,  the  Bowery,  Columbus  and 
Lexington  Avenues  did  not  have  a  single  malt  and  hops 
store. 

It  seems  that  all  of  the  malt  and  hops  stores  which  we 
visited  did  not  carry  a  sufficient  stock  of  material  to  pro- 
vide enough  home  brew  for  the  block  in  which  they  were 
situated.  Subsequent  events  have  convinced  us  beyond 
all  doubt  that  die  home  brew  spasm  has  subsided  in  New 
York  City. 

A  great  deal  of  noise  has  been  made  concerning  the 
numbers  that  are  endeavoring  to  obtain  wine  through 
apparently  legalized  channels,  as  stores  selling  sacra- 
mental wine.  In  the  hundreds  of  miles  of  the  city  cov- 
ered by  these  avenues  and  streets,  we  found  only  three 
such  stores  and  on  several  visits  made  to  them,  we  found 
them  deserted  most  of  the  time. 

As  to  distilling,  for  private  home  consumption  in  New 
York  City,  it  is  a  negligible  factor.  As  a  sidelight  it  is 
very  interesting  to  notice  that  many  of  the  hardware 
stores  which  formerly  exhibited  distilling  apparatus  no\A 
have  their  windows  full  of  radio  outfits. 

HOW  DRY? 

The  charge.  fr<  m  sources  undoubtedly  interested  in  de- 
crying Prohibition,  that  so  many  of  the  new  establish 
ments  w  hich  have  replaced  saloons  are  selling  booze  un- 
der cover  does  not  deserve  the  attention  that  we  have 
been  led  to  believe  it  should  have. 

According  to  the  survey,  over  50  per  cent  of  the  former 
premises  have  been  renovated  and,  while  we  have  no  of- 
ficial figures  to  an  extent  to  warrant  the  giving  of  exact 
percentages,  we  have  reason  to  believe  that  over  half  of 
the  new  stores  are  owned  or  operated  by  individuals  and 
firms  which  were  not  at  all  associated  with  the  liquor 
business  which  previously  occupied  these  properties. 
REAL  ESTATE 

That  prohibition  would  vacate  many  stores  has  also 
been  found  to  be  a  prognostication  without  foundation. 
Only  1  per  cent  of  these  properties  surveyed  were  found 
to  be  vacant,  and  half  of  them  were  so  because  altera- 
tions had  not  been  completed. 

"THREE  IN  ONE" 

The  effects  of  Prohibition  on  properties  can  be  seen  by 
analyzing  some  of  these  streets.  For  instance.  Sixth  Ave- 
nue, which  makes  perhaps  the  best  showing,  would  indi- 
cate that  the  78  saloons  and  10  liquor  stores,  or  88  prop- 
erties in  all.  have  been  supplanted  by  no  fewer  than  22(> 
different  stores.  There  are  corner  properties  on  Sixth 
Avenue  where  as  many  as  six  small  stores  or  show  rooms 
are  crammed  into  the  place  of  a  former  bar-room. 

Of  course  all  this  means  a  tremendous  amount  of 
money  expended  for  alterations,  for  new  stock  for  these 
stores,  a  greater  number  of  employees  in  the  personnel, 
many  more  firms,  some  of  them  to  be  sure,  very  small, 
yet  independent,  whereas  in  the  old  days  of  the  liquor 
traffic  it  is  acknowledged  that  the  majority  of  the  saloons 
were  owned  by  the  liquor  traffic  which  in  turn  is  one  ex- 
planation why  so  few  of  the  former  saloonkeepers  have 
launched  into  new  business  enterprises. 

One  of  the  interesting  revelations  of  the  survey  of  1922 
was  the  fact  that  real  estate  is  not  being  left  vacant  by 
the  disappearance  of  the  saloons  but  that  Prohibition  is 
directly  responsible  for  a  new  wave  of  prosperity.  We 
found  that  1,421  saloons  and  liquor  stores  had  discon- 
tinued business  throughout  Greater  New  York.  These 
properties  had  been  replaced  by  not  fewer  than  2,406 
stores  and  legitimate  concerns.  In  other  words,  1,015 
additional  concerns  occupied  the  same  premises  of  the 


former  "gin  mills."  The  full  portent  of  these  data  can 
not  be  realized  without  further  analysis.  Upon  investi- 
gation, we  found  that  the  cost  of  alteration  of  these  prop- 
erties varied  tremendously.  In  some  instances,  it  is  true, 
the  change  did  not  involve  an  expenditure  of  over  $5,000, 
hut  m  many  it  passed  .$100,000.  In  a  few  instances,  huge 
buildings,  sky-scrapers,  factories,  warehouses  or  depart- 
ment stores  were  erected  on  sites  formerly  occupied  by 
frame  buildings  worth  only  a  few  thousand  dollars  each 
in  the  saloon  days.  These  last  buildings  cost  millions  of 
dollars  and  of  course  will  bring  the  average  cost  of  alter- 
ation of  the  old  saloon  property  to  an  exorbitantly  high 
level.  (See  table  G,  page  29.)  If  we  include  this  last  item 
we  find  that  the  average  cost  per  property  altered,  sur- 
passes a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars.  This  is  evidently 
quite  an  unfair  and  too  high  average.  If  we  eliminate  all 
the  new  buildings,  we  find  that  the  cost  of  alterations  of 
former  saloons  and  liquor  stores  averages  anywhere  from 
$40,000  to  $60,000  for  each  property.  It  may  he  objected 
that  Prohibition  had  nothing  to  do.  or  played  an  infinitesi- 
mal part  in  this  tremendous  building  boom.  This  is  de- 
Cldedly  not  so,  but  we  believe  it  to  he  more  justified  in 
assuming  without  fear  of  well-founded  criticism  that 
Prohibition  is  directly  and  almost  exclusively  responsible 
for  the  big  boom  in  building  in  certain  districts  and  cer- 
tain kinds  of  edifices.    The  reason  is  not  very  hard  to  find. 

The  brewers — it  is  a  well  acknowledged  fact — owned  or 
controlled  the  vast  majority  of  saloon  properties.  In 
many  instances,  they  owned  choice  corner  plots,  or  had 
long  leases  on. such  properties.  Real  estate  agents  also  had 
many  properties  w  hich  boused  saloons  and  liquor  stores. 
They  had  been  content  to  receive  their  rent  regularly  ;  few 
alterations  were  ever  needed  on  saloons  or  liquor  stores 
and  very  little  thought  had  to  he  devoted  to  the  adminis- 
tration of  these  properties.  Now,  along  came  Prohibition. 
It  threatened  the  very  foundation  of  many  of  the  agencies 
that  had  specialized  in  saloon  properties  or  whose  busi- 
ness was  largely  in  this  particular  line  of  real  estate. 

TABLE  P> 

M'MBFR  OF  SALOONS  AND  LIQUOR  STORE  LI- 
CENSES IN  FORCE  AT  THE  FA'D  OF  FISCAL 
YE  \RS  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY  AND  IN  THE  STATE 
OF  NEW  YORK 

TOTAL  FOB 


NEW  YORK  CITY 

RKST  OF" 

STATIC 

N.  Y. 

STATF. 

LIQUOR 

LIQUOR 

LIQUOR 

TOTAL 

YEAR 

S  ILOONS 

STORKS 

s  VLOONS  STORKS 

SALOONS  STORKS 

LICENSES 

1911 

1 0,693 

1,103 

13.148 

1.017 

23.841 

2.210 

26.051 

1912 

10,489 

1,205 

12.982 

1 .056 

23.471 

2,351 

25,822 

1913 

10.376 

1 ,326 

13.007 

1 ,058 

23.473 

2.384 

25,857 

1914 

10,280 

1,316 

13,095 

1,035 

23,375 

2.351 

25,726 

191S 

10.0*8 

1 .298 

12.075 

094 

23,033 

2  292 

25,325 

1916 

9,667 

1.235 

12,532 

905 

22,199 

2.140 

24,339 

1017 

0.277 

1,100 

11,513 

843 

20.790 

1 ,952 

22.742 

1918 

8,168 

841 

7,310 

519 

15,487 

1.360 

16,847 

1019 

11.529 

829 

12.358 

1920 

8,358 

586 

8,944 

SOURCE:  Annual  Reports,  Commissioner  of  Excise. 
No  separate  data  in  last  Animal  Report. 


TABLE  C 


RELATIVE  PROPORTION  OF  SALOONS  AND  LIQ- 
UOR STORES  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY  AND  STATE 
\T  THE  END  OF  1918 


16,847 

100% 

15,487 

92% 

1.360 

8% 

All  licenses  in  Greater  New  York  

9.000 

100% 

8,168 

00% 

841 

9% 

All  licenses  in  New  York  City  (Manhattan) 

4,071 

100% 

3,608 

80  % 

463 

11% 

SOURCE:     Commissioner  of  Excise,  New  Vm 

k,  1918. 

NINE 


CHART  I 

PASSING  OF  SALOONS  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY 
LOWER  EAST  SIDE 
SAME  DISTRICT  BEFORE  AND  AFTER  PROHIBITION 
1916  .  1924 


■  1 

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CHART  I  SHOWS  HOW  PROHIBITION  HAS  AFFECTED  A 
SMALL  SECTION  OF  OUR  LOWER  EAST  SIDE.  THESE  TWO 
MAPS  SHOW  THE  SAME  DISTRICT  IN  1916,  ALSO  THE  SITU- 
ATION AT  THE  BEGINNING  OF  1924.  EVERY  DOT  REPRE- 
SENTS A  LICENSED  SALOON. 

THIS  DISTRICT  EXTENDS  FROM  THE  BOWERY  TO  ESSEX 
STREET.  FROM  HESTER  TO  EAST  HOUSTON  STREET.  IN  THE 
MAP  TO  THE  LEFT  REPRESENTING  THE  SITUATION  IN  1916 
THERE  IS  ONLY  ONE  BLOCK  WHICH  HAS  NO  SALOONS.  IT 
IS  ON  THIS  BLOCK  THAT  WE  HAVE,  BESIDES  THE  PUBLIC 
SCHOOL,  THE  LUDLOW  JAIL,  FAMOUS  AS  THE  ALIMONY 
CLUB.  THIS  JAIL  IS  PRESENTLY  TO  BE  TORN  DOWN  AND 
WILL  BE  REPLACED  BY  A  SCHOOL  HOUSE. 


ABOUT  98%  OF  THE  POPULATION  OF  THIS  DISTRICT  IS  OF 
FOREIGN  BIRTH  OR  OF  FOREIGN  PARENTAGE.  IT  CONSTI- 
TUTES PART  OF  THE  MOST  DENSELY  POPULATED  TERRITORY 
IX  THE  WORLD.  THE  DENSITY,  ACCORDING  TO  SENATOR 
ROYAL  S.  COPELAND,  FORMER  COMMISSIONER  OF  HEALTH 
OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK,  SURPASSED  FIVE  HUNDRED 
THOUSAND  PER  SQUARE  MILE. 

THE  MAP  TO  THE  READER'S  RIGHT  SHOWS  HOW  A  FEW 
YEARS  OF  FEEBLE  ENFORCEMENT  OF  PROHIBITION  HAVE 
ELIMINATED  THE  SALOONS.  THE  DOTS  ON  THIS  MAP  REP- 
RESENT THE  OLD  SALOONS  WHICH  ARE  NOW  DOING  BUSI- 
NESS ON  THE  OLD  PREMISES  BUT  OSTENSIBLY  SELLING  SOFT 
DRINKS. 


They  had  drifted  for  years,  content  with  the  income  they 
received.  Undoubtedly  many  had  hoped  for  a  change  in 
the  community  that  would  offer  them  an  opportunity  to 
erect  larger  buildings  which  in  turn  would  produce  more 
revenue.  But  still  it  was  an  easy  matter  just  to  "hope" 
for  such  a  change  to  come  that  would  sweep  these  people 
along  on  the  crest  of  a  new  prosperity. 

The  situation  was  changed  entirely  by  Prohibition. 
From  the  passive  method  of  administering  their  proper- 
ties, the  ow  ners  and  agents  now  had  to  take  an  aggressive 
part  in  order  to  save  themselves  from  the  "predicted  and 
expected"  catastrophe  wlrch  was  heralded  to  follow  in 
the  wake  of  national  draught,  and  they  were  not  slow  to 
accept  the  situation  and  to  adjust  themselves  to  it  as  busi- 
ness always  does.  Rather  slow  at  the  beginning,  and  still 
hesitating  somewhat  after  the  first  and  seond  year  of  Pro- 
hibition, we  find  that  there  was  an  almost  frantic  scramble 
to  change,  renovate  and  rebuild  properties  as  soon  as  own- 
ers were  convinced  that  Prohibition  was  going  to  be  a  per- 
manent policy  and  that  the  saloon  as  an  institution  was 
doomed. 

As  interesting  as  table  E  is  table  11.  page  25.  In  sec- 
tion A  of  that  table,  we  are  giving  the  assessed  valuation 
of  land  and  buildings  of  fifteen  properties  which  were 
saloons  in  P>18  and  had  not  changed  by  1(>22.  The  com- 
bined assessed  valuation  for  these  fifteen  properties  shows 
an  increase  of  $1,500  in  the  land,  and  an  increase  of 
$47,500  in  the  land  and  building. 


The  increase  for  the  land,  of  these  fifteen  properties, 
from  1916  to  1922.  is  .2  per  cent  while  for  the  land  and 
building  it  is  7  per  cent.  We  were  compelled  to  take 
the  assessed  valuation  for  the  year  1016  becaused  during 
the  war  so  many  different  items  had  to  he  considered  and 
we  were  advised  by  one  of  the  Commissioners  of  the 
Board  of  Assessors  that  1916  and  1922  would  give  us  a 
fair  normal  basis  of  comparison.  The  number  of  prop- 
erties compared  in  section  A  of  table  H  is  so  small,  how- 
ever, that  the  results  should  he  taken  with  some  reserve. 
We  do  not  claim  that  all  properties  which  have  not 
changed  from  the  old  order  show  this  small  increase. 
These  which  we  have  given  were  picked  at  random  with 
many  others  hut  many  had  to  he  discarded  because  in 
some  cases  several  parcels  of  land  had  been  grouped  to- 
gether, as  the  tendency  of  real  estate  is  at  present,  and  a 
fair  comparison  was  not  possible. 

Section  B  of  that  same  table  is  more  reliable  because  it 
gives  the  valuation  of  536  different  properties  picked  at 
random  on  19  different  streets.  We  had  hoped  to  pre- 
sent the  data  for  one  thousand  properties,  hut  hecause  of 
the  difficult}-  already  mentioned,  these  are  the  only  ones 
which  we  can  report  accurately. 

The  increase  in  properties  which  formerly  were  saloons 
or  liquor  stores  but  now  house  different  concerns  shows 
almost  $20,000,000  in  the  land  and  an  increase  in  assessed 
value  of  about  $41,000,000  for  land  and  buildings.  This 
is  an  increase  of  30  per  ce  it  in  the  land  and  55  per  cent 


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ELEVEN 


in  the  land  and  buildings.    Just  how  much  Prohibition  is 

responsible  for  in  this  increase  in  assessed  valuation  can 
be  gleaned  by  comparing  table  H,  section  B,  with  the  as- 
sessed valuation  of  all  properties  in  Manhattan,  table  11, 
section  C. 

The  assessed  land  value  for  all  properties  increased  5 
per  cent  while  the  assessed  value  of  land  and  buildings 
increased  18  per  cent.  Where  the  situation  is  unchanged, 
i.  c,  where  the  saloons  are  unchanged,  the  increase  in 
assessed  valuation  is  respectively  only  .2  per  cent  and  7 
per  cent  but  where  the  new  order  has  stepped  in  the  in- 
crease is  39  per  cent  and  55  per  cent.  This  great  differ- 
ence may  be  accounted  for  in  part  by  the  fact  that  a  great 
number  of  saloons  which  have  not  as  yet  discontinued  are 
to  be  found  in  the  worst  and  least  desirable  parts  of  the 
city.  Comparatively  little  change  has  taken  place  near 
the  Water-front  or  in  sections  where,  for  instance,  the 
railroad  running  on  the  street  level,  or  the  elevated  over- 
head may  tend  to  make  the  property  less  desirable.  These 
sections  are  generally  inhabited  by  poorer  people,  and  it  is 
here  that  fewer  saloons  have  disappeared. 

On  Fifth  Avenue,  where,  strange  as  it  may  seem,  there 
were  35  saloons  and  five  liquor  stores,  none  arc  to  be 
found  now,  until  we  strike  the  Harlem  section  where  a 
few  saloons  still  do  business,  ostensibly  selling  soft  drinks 
in  the  heart  of  the  negro  colony. 

EMPLOYMENT  AND  PROHIBITION 

One  more  observation  is  necessary  in  order  to  compre- 
hend fully  the  significance  of  these  figures. 

Our  careful  inquiry  showed  that  before  the  coming 
into  effect  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  the  average  sa- 
loon employed  an  average  of  two  persons.  Investigations 
of  the  new  business  concerns  which  have  replaced  the  old 
order  show  that  these  new  firms  employed  a  minimum 
average  of  Zy2  to  4^  persons.  Under  the  old  order,  the 
S.168  saloons  in  Greater  New  York  in  1918  would  have 
given  employment  to  16,000  persons  selling  their  goods 
behind  the  bar.  Under  the  new  order,  these  same  prop- 
erties required  between  32,000  and  35.000  employees  to 
dispose  of  the  merchandise.  Among  the  kinds  of  stores 
that  have  supplanted  bar-rooms  and  liquor  stores  we 
found  restaurants,  groceries,  cigar  stores  and  dry  goods 
establishments  predominating.  There  are  few  restau- 
rants which  employ  fewer  than  ten  to  fifteen  men  or 
women,  and  the  groceries  often  have  four  or  five  em- 
ployees, while  dry  goods  stores  always  have  many  more 
employees,  men  and  women,  than  the  saloons  had.  The 
new  establishments  which  have  supplanted  the  bar-room 
show  a  variety  of  over  200  different  kinds  of  stores  and 
some  are  reported  in  table  I.  page  29. 

SUMMING  UP 
These  data  would  show  that  after  three  years  of  Pro- 
hibition, more  than  half  of  the  saloons  had  discontinued 
business,  furthermore,  that  all  liquor  stores  had  disap- 
peared and  that  there  is  no  ground  to  believe  that  concerns 
selling  home-brew  and  distilling  outfits  have  supplanted 
saloons  and  liquor  stores.  These  data  show  that  in  the 
first  three  years  of  Prohibition,  when  the  law  was  not 
well  enforced  and  when,  for  a  long  period  of  time  it  was 
si  ill  a  question  in  the  minds  of  main  as  to  whether  Pro- 
hibition would  be  a  permanent  policy  or  simply  a  tem- 
porary outburst  of  legislative  enthusiasm  in  the  first 
three  years  of  Prohibition  more  was  accomplished  to  anni- 
hilate the  liquor  traffic  than  had  been  done  in  the  previous 
decade  of  State  legislation  and  municipal  regulation;  fur- 
thermore, that  Prohibition  was  a  direct  factor  and  cause 
for  the  real  estate  boom  and  building  enthusiasm  which 


followed  its  advent;  this  summary  shows  beyond  the  per- 
adventure  of  a  doubt  that  Prohibition  not  only  raised  the 
value  of  real  estate,  but  supplanted  a  saloon  or  liquor  store 
with  two  or  more  stores  in  legitimate  lines  of  business. 
It  also  disproves  the  foolish  assumption  that  Prohibition 
causes  unemployment  and  these  tables  show  beyond  doubt 
that  for  every  position  vacated  on  account  of  Prohibition, 
other  sources  of  employment  were  opened.  It  also  shows 
that  the  properties  that  have  thrown  out  the  liquor  traffic 
and  adapted  themselves  to  the  new  order  of  things  have 
increased  far  beyond  the  normal  and  expected  increase  of 
values  of  real  estate. 

We  have  no  accurate  data  tabulated  but  we  leave  it  to 
the  reader  to  estimate  the  capital  in  stock  of  the  average 
saloon  of  days  gone  by,  which  comprised  a  few  kegs  of 
beer  and  a  few  bottles  of  liquors  and  wines,  and  compare 
it  with  the  stock  which  must  be  carried  by  these  new  con- 
cerns which  now  sell  automobiles,  furniture,  rugs,  music, 
office  supplies  and  everything  that  man  can  think  of,  goods 
that  come  from  the  four  corners  of  the  earth,  giving  em- 
ployment to  myriads  of  hands  and  heads  and  increasing 
transportation  of  goods  in  quantities  never  attained  by  the 
o'd  order.  OPEN  SESAME 

Just  as  "( )pen  Sesame"  opened  the  way  to  the  cave  of 
Ali  Baba  in  the  Arabian  Nights,  so  has  Prohibition  opened 
a  new  cycle  of  prosperity. 

Reviewing  the  tables  and  facts  of  the  summary  of  1922, 
we  find  that  as  saloons  have  gone  out  of  business,  new 
stores  in  an  increased  number  have  supplanted  the  old 
order. 

For  these  new  premises  it  was  necessary  to  acquire  a 
great  quantity  of  goods  of  the  most  diversified  nature. 

More  employees  were  needed  to  dispose  of  these  neces- 
sities which  in  turn  opened  new  channels  of  circulation 
for  money. 

The  alterations  of  the  aforementioned  premises  gave 
employment  to  untold  numbers  of  persons.  They  re- 
quired huge  quantities  of  building  material  all  of  which 
contributed  to  prosperity. 

This  new  cycle  has  to  a  large  extent  helped  directly  and 
indirectly  to  furnish  and  stabilize  the  home  to  a  larger 
degree  than  the  saloon  ever  destroyed. 

The  changes  have  been  so  radical  and  of  such  a  lasting 
nature,  that  the  one  outstanding  result  of  prohibition  as 
seen  by  this  survey  indicates  that  the  doom  of  the  liquor 
traffic  has  been  perpetually  sealed. 

The  saloon  is  not  making  a  strategic  retreat ;  it  has  been 
defeated  beyond  any  chance  of  recuperation.  It  is  de- 
cidedly an  incident  of  past  history. 


TABLE  M 

SHOWING,  IN  PERCENTAGES,  THE  KLNLS  OF  CON- 
CERNS  WHICH  TN  TULY,  1924,  WERE  OCCUPYING 
THE  PREMISES  OF  SALOONS  AND  LIOUOR 
STORES  LICENSED  IX  1916  IN  MANHATTAN 
(CITY  OF  NEW  YORK) 

PERCENTAGE 


CONCERN 

M  M  BER 

OI-"  TOT.M 

1,260 

33.40 

Clothing   

532 

14.00 

Luxuries   

369 

971 

Vacant   

342 

0.00 

Miscellaneous   

  312 

8.21 

283 

7.45 

191 

5.03 

(3,208) 

Unchanged  Saloons  .... 

349 

0.18 

Part  Saloon   

112 

2.95 

Malt  and  Hops   

37 

0.97 

New  Saloons   

2 

0.05 

2 

0.05 

(502)  (13.20) 
Total   3,800  100.00 


T  W  E  L  V  F 


SURVEY    OF  1924 


IN  the  survey  of  1924  there  enters  a  new  element. 
It  is  a  commonly  acknowledged  fact  that  Xew  York 
City,  as  a  whole,  has  not  wanted  Prohibition  ;  any 
progress  which  can  be  shown  has  come  about  in 
spite  of  the  antagonism  of  New  York  and  not  be- 
cause of  any  enthusiastic  cooperation  on  the  part  of  this 
great  cosmopolitan  center. 

Xew  York  has  enforced  Prohibition  only  so  much  as  it 
had  to.  The  Police  Department  has  made,  with  good  re- 
sults, several  spasmodic  attempts  to  dry  up  the  city,  but 
the  good  intentions  have  always  outrun  the  actual  per- 
formance. So  far  as  the  Federal  authorities  are  con- 
cerned they  have  done  as  well  as  could  be  expected  from 
a  small  group  of  men  tackling  a  tremendous  job  and  re- 
ceiving only  passive  cooperation  from  the  city  and  State 
authorities  and  the  general  public.  Xew  York  was  the 
forty-fifth  State  to  ratify  the  Fighteenth  Amendment. 
However,  soon  after,  it  legalized  2.75  per  cent  beer;  a 
law  which  was  declared  unconstitutional  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States.  It  is  rather  amusing  (to  put 
it  mildly)  that  the  legislators  of  so  great  a  State  should 
assume  such  a  ridiculous  attitude  as  to  believe  that  the 
State  of  New  York  could  legalize  a  higher  percentage  of 
alcohol  in  cereal  beverages  than  the  government  of  the 
United  States  permitted.  Yet,  the  august  legislature 
passed  the  bill  and  Governor  Al.  E.  Smith  signed  it. 
These  legislators,  it  would  appear,  had  grown  so  wise  and 
erudite  as  to  forget  one  of  the  simplest  lessons  of  boy- 
hood which  those  of  us  who  cannot  as  yet  boast  of  white 
hair  and  fading  memory  still  remember.  Personally,  1 
realized  in  my  very  early  days  that  when  the  will  of  my 
parents  was  diametrically  opposed  to  mine,  the  sooner  I 
relinquished  all  claims  to  my  own  personal  liberty,  the 
better  off"  I  was — -physiologically,  SO  to  speak.  Hut  in 
Xew  York  State,  the  legislators  still  believe,  apparently, 
that  when  there  is  a  conflict  between  State  and  Federal 
authorities,  the  State  can  act  independently  and  even 
against  the  Federal  government.  Most  school  children 
who  remember  the  history  of  the  United  States  know 
better. 

Governor  Nathan  L,  Miller  who  succeeded  Governor 
Smith  signed  the  Mullan-Gage  Act  (in  1921)  which  was 
practically  the  Volstead  Act  reduced  and  adapted  to  the 
needs  of  the  State  of  Xew  York.  W  hen  in  1923  Governor 
Alfred  E.  Smith,  of  2.75  per  cent  beer  fame,  was  re- 
elected, he  signed  a  bill  repealing  the  State  Enforcement 
Code  and  with  it  practically  all  legislation  which  had  any- 
thing to  do  with  the  regulation  of  the  liquor  traffic. 

In  1(>24,  when  we  made  our  survey  we  found  evidence 
aplenty  of  the  reaction  and  results  of  the  repeal  of  the 
State  Enforcement  law. 

The  new  element  in  the  survey  of  1924  is  the  fact  that 
for  over  one  year  there  was  in  the  City  of  New  York,  the 
poorest  sort  of  enforcement  imaginable.  In  fact  the  situ- 
ation was  a  recrudescence  of  the  wet  regime  so  far  as 
State  enforcement  was  concerned.  It  affords  an  oppor- 
tunity to  study  the  actual  capacity  for  recuperation  of  the 
liquor  traffic,  after  a  few  years  of  Prohibition. 

The  State  Enforcement  law  having  been  repealed  in 
1923,  Prohibition  had  to  be  enforced  by  a  handful  of 
Federal  agents,  aided  only  by  the  momentum  gathered  in 
public  opinion  by  the  first  years  of  enforcement.  The 
city  and  State  authorities  pretended  of  course,  to  give  all 
moral  support,  but  this  was  only  theoretically  true  and 
when  reduced  to  a  practical  basis  was  nothing  more  than 


a  rhetorical  hyperbole.  In  1924  there  was  local  enforce- 
ment really  at  its  very  lowest  ebb. 

To  all  intents  and  purposes,  anyone  can  now  engage 
in  the  liquor  traffic  unmolested  in  the  City  of  New 
York,  except  tor  what  regulations  there  are  by  Federal 
authorities. 

There  are  reported  here  in  a  series  of  tables  and  charts, 
the  findings  of  the  latest  survey. 

CHANGES  IX  SALOONS  AND  LIQUOR  STORES 
FROM  1916  TO  1924 

In  table  J,  page  28,  is  given  a  summary  by  streets, 
showing  to  what  extent  the  liquor  dispensaries  have  been 
changed.  This  survey  is  based  on  the  reports  of  the 
Board  of  Excise  of  1916. 

THE  EAST  SIDE 

Third  Avenue,  on  the  East  Side,  with  252  saloons, 
led  in  the  number  of  these  premises  licensed  in  1916; 
there  were  also  44  liquor  stores  and  17  drug  stores,  a  total 
of  313  premises  on  one  avenue,  about  six  miles  in  length. 
After  five  years  of  Prohibition  we  found  on  this  thorough- 
fare that  211  saloons  had  discontinued,  23  were  un- 
changed, 15  were  what  might  be  termed  "ensmalled"  sa- 
loons, having  yielded  from  one-fourth  to  four-fifths  of 
their  space,  invariably  the  best  part,  to  other  stores ;  three 
places  were  both  saloon  and  restaurant.  In  all  we  found 
approximately  41  saloons  in  some  form  or  other,  still 
doing  business.  All  of  the  44  liquor  stores  had  discon- 
tinued and  the  313  former  premises  have  been  occupied 
by  no  less  than  453  concerns.  Of  these,  11  were  still  in 
process  of  alteration,  44  were  vacant  and  in  two  instances 
we  found  new  buildings  in  the  place  of  the  old  saloons. 
Of  all  these  new  places,  194  had  been  renovated. 

Second  Avenue  showed  the  largest  number  of  saloons 
aside  from  Third  Avenue.  In  1916  there  were  228  sa- 
loons, 19  liquor  stores,  11  drug  stores,  a  total  of  258 
premises.  The  survey  would  indicate  that  175  saloons 
had  discontinued,  all  of  the  liquor  stores  had  gone  out  of 
business,  besides  three  drug  stores.  Instead  of  258  liquor 
dispensaries,  we  found  on  these  premises  278  new  stores, 
of  which  38  were  unchanged  saloons,  15  part  saloon  and 
eight  unchanged  drug  stores.  The  renovated  premises 
numbered  125. 

First  Avenue  reduced  the  196  saloons  by  144.  Of 
the  160  liquor  dispensaries,  bars  and  stores  which  had  dis- 
continued on  this  avenue,  158  were  renovated  and  two 
were  in  process  of  alteration.  There  were  also  two  new 
buildings,  1')  vacant  premises  and  one  empty  lot. 

Stately  Fifth  Avenue  boasted  40  saloons  in  1916. 
Today  35  of  these  have  discontinued,  five  clinging  tena- 
ciously to  the  old  order  in  the  colored  section  of  Harlem 
where  Fifth  Avenue  undergoes  a  decided  change  in  at- 
mosphere and  color.  The  nine  former  liquor  stores  on 
the  avenue  have  also  discontinued,  so  that  of  the  51  licensed 
premises  of  1916,  45  have  gone  out  of  business  and  their 
space  has  actually  been  absorbed  by  "57"  different  stores; 
four  were  still  in  process  of  alteration,  25  had  been  com- 
pletely renovated,  while  five  had  been  replaced  by  new 
buildings. 

On  Broadway,  142  of  the  160  saloons  had  discon- 
tinued up  to  July.  1924,  and  the  193  former  licensed  con- 
cerns which  had  completely  changed  had  been  replaced 
by  289  new  stores  of  which  220  had  been  renovated.  The 
new  buildings  were  14  in  number,  seven  stores  were  va- 


THIRTEEN 


CHART  II 

STATUS  IN  1924  OF  SALOONS  WHICH  WERE  LICENSED  IN  1916  IN  MANHATTAN,  NEW  YORK 

I  UNCHANGED 


DISCONTINUED 


llllllllllllll 


li 


!OOf 


90  % 


80  * 


70'/. 


60% 


50' 


40< 


30 


120  % 
10% 


IN  THIS  CHART  WE  ARE  SHOWING  BY  AVENUES  AND 
STREETS  JUST  WHAT  PERCENTAGE  OF  THE  SALOONS  OF  1916 
ARE  APPARENTLY  STILL  IN  BUSINESS,  AND  WHAT  PERCENT- 
AGE OF  THEM  HAVE  DISCONTINUED. 

FOR  THE  WHOLE  OF  MANHATTAN,  THE  SALOONS  WHTCH 
HAVE  DISCONTINUED  TOTAL  79%.  THE  LARGEST  DECREASE 
IS  SEEN  ON  FOURTH  AVENUE,  A  COMMERCIAL  STREET.  THE 
BOWERY,  OF  UNSAVORY  MEMORY,  IS  FAST  REDEEMING  ITSELF 
BY  SHOWING  A  DECREASE  IN  SALOONS  OF  APPROXIMATELY 
93%.  BROADWAY  IS  ALSO  MAKING  A  GOOD  SHOWING,  WITH 
ONLY  11%  OF  THE  OLD-TIME  SALOONS  IN  BUSINESS. 


SOME  OF  THE  AVENUES  AND  STREETS  WHICH  DO  NOT 
SHOW  SO  GREAT  A  DECREASE  AS  THE  WHOLE  OF  MANHATTAN 
IN  GENERAL,  ARE  FOUND  TO  BE  STREETS  ON  OUR  WATER- 
FRONT, NOTABLY  SOUTH  AND  WEST  STREETS,  WHILE  IOtH 
AND  IItH  AVENUES  ARE  IN  ONE  OF  THE  POOREST  DISTRICTS 
OF  THE  CITY. 

THIS  CHART  SHOWS  THAT  16  OF  THE  STREETS  HAVE  A 
DECREASE  IN  SALOONS  OF  OVER  80%,  WHILE  10  SHOW  A 
DECREASE  OF  OVER  70%,  AND  ONLY  6  STREETS  SHOW  A  DE- 
CREASE OF  LESS  THAN  70%  Bl'T  MORE  THAN  60%. 


cant  and  five  still  in  process  of  alteration.  A  special 
pamphlet  deals  more  fully  with  Broadway. 

Sixth  Avenue,  a  very  short  street  in  Manhattan,  ex- 
tending from  Greenwich  Village  to  Central  Park  on  59th 
street,  a  length  of  less  than  three  miles,  is  one  of  our  typ- 
ically commercial  streets.  There  are  few  residences  on 
this  street  and  the  ground  floor  of  every  building  is  taken 
up  hy  stores  and  offices.  There  were  82  saloons  in  1916 
on  this  avenue,  19  liquor  stores  and  12  drug  stores,  a 
total  of  113  licensed  premises.  In  1924  we  found  six 
unchanged  saloons,  one  saloon-restaurant  and  four  prem- 
ises which  were  part  saloon,  a  total  of  11  against  the  for- 
mer 82.  The  12  drug  stores  had  been  reduced  to  eight. 
Altogether  we  found  71  saloons  which  had  discontinued 
besides  1''  liquor  stores  and  four  drug  stores  which  had 
gone  out  of  business.  On  this  avenue  the  former  113 
licensed  places  are  now  replaced  by  182  new  concerns. 

A  great  deal  had  been  expected  to  occur  on  account  of 
Prohibition  on  the  famous  Bowery  of  unsavory  memory. 
Well,  it  happened.  The  45  saloons  have  been  reduced  to 
three  and  the  47  former  premises  licensed  in  1916  are 
now  replaced  by  86  stores,  32  of  which  have  been  reno- 
vated and  four  are  new  buildings.  More  detailed  in- 
formation on  the" Bowery  has  appeared  in  a  separate 
pamphlet. 

THE  WATERFRONT 
We  have  watched  with  interest  the  Water  pro  NT,  where 
longshoremen   from  every  country  and  clime  used  to 
crowd  the  bar-rooms  when  on  shore  leave.    South  Street 


had  33  saloons  before  Prohibition,  of  these  21  have  now 
disappeared.  West  Street,  the  other  thoroughfare  of  the 
Waterfront,  running  along  the  Hudson,  had  75  licensed 
premises,  of  these  53  have  discontinued  and  no  fewer  than 
11  new  buildings  have  been  erected  on  the  premises  of 
the  former  saloons. 

In  this  survey  we  investigated  2,263  saloons  and  found 
1,802  of  them  to  have  discontinued.  All  of  the  391  liquor 
stores  had  changed  front  and  even  35  of  the  180  drug 
stores  had  turned  into  different  stores. 

DRUG  STORES  IN  NEW  YORK 

One  word  is  necessary,  perhaps,  to  explain  the  drug 
store.  It  is  undoubtedly  true  that  the  drug  stores  sell 
everything  and  anything  in  larger  quantities  than  drugs 
and  medicines.  There  are  few  drug  stores  in  New  York 
City  where  from  one-third  to  over  one-half  of  the  space 
is  not  taken  up  by  a  soda  fountain  catering  to  the  sweet 
taste  of  Americans,  from  flapper  to  business  man.  Some 
soda  fountains  in  these  drug  stores  also  serve  what  they 
graciously  term  "luncheonettes."  A  sandwich,  some  gin- 
ger ale  or  soda,  a  marble  table  and  a  high  chair,  a  spot  to 
gossip  and  to  keep  an  appointment  or  to  fume  and  stew 
until  the  telephone  booth  is  empty  would  more  accurately 
describe  the  drug  stores,  which  are  not  enshrouded  in  the 
dignity  and  funereal  solemnity  of  the  pharmacy  and  apoth- 
ecary of  continental  Europe.  Of  course  the  drug  stores 
also  sell  all  kinds  of  soaps  and  cologne  waters  from  the 
rankest  to  the  best  colored  and  in  the  most  outlandish 
bottles.    They  always  have  a  thousand  bargains,  as,  foun- 


FOURTEEN 


tain  pens. which  write  off  and  on,  the  latest  novelty  for 
milady's  vanity  bag.  besides  shaving  cream,  toffy,  water- 
bottles,  not  to  speak  of  the  latest  dictionaries  for  the  new 
habit  of  cross  puzzling  in  the  throes  of  which  America 
finds  herself  right  after  having  recuperated  from  Cone 
and  Mah  Jong.  There  have  been  abuses  in  the  drug 
stores,  undoubtedly.  A  number  of  them  are  run  by  un- 
scrupulous betrayers  of  a  noble  professional  class,  who 
have  besmirched  the  name.  But  to  class  the  majority  or 
even  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  drug  stores  as  boot- 
leggers is  stretching  the  imagination  beyond  the  breaking 
point. 

Of  the  461  saloons  which  we  found  apparently  still  in 
business  throughout  the  city,  75  had  yielded  some  of  their 
space  to  other  concerns,  37  were  part  restaurant  and  349 
showed  no  outward  change  from  pre-prohibition  days. 

The  2.208  premises  which  discontinued  had  been  re- 
placed by  3,338  stores  of  which  66  were  still  in  process  of 
alteration  and  1,822  had  been  thoroughly  renovated.  In 
96  instances  we  found  new  buildings,  266  premises  still 
vacant,  1 1  empty  lots  on  the  spot  where  formerly  some 
licensed  djspensary  had  been  in  business.  A  table  which, 
shows  all  of  this  by  avenues  and  streets  is  herewith  at- 
tached, page  28,  table  J. 

In  table  K,  page  25,  is  shown  the  -percentage  of  saloons 
which  have  discontinued  and  of  those  which  aie  still  in 
business,  for  each  of  the  avenues  surveyed.  The  same 
data  are  shown  graphically  by  avenues  and  streets  for  the 
whole  city  in  chart  II.  page  14.  This  latter  chart  shows 
a  decrease  of  approximately  80  per  cent  of  saloons 
throughout  Manhattan.  ( )n  six  avenues.  Tenth,  Eleventh, 
St.  Nicholas.  South  Street,  34th  and  Pearl  Street,  the  de- 
crease in  saloons  was  over  60  per  cent  but  not  over  70  per 
cent.  On  ten  avenues  and  streets  the  decrease  was  over 
70  per  cent  but  below  80  per  cent.  On  13  of  the  avenues 
the  decrease  was  between  80  per  cent  and  (X)  per  cent ;  it 
was  over  90  per  cent  on  two  avenues  and  100  per  cent  on 
one  avenue. 

In  chart  III,  page  18,  we  show  graphically,  the  gradual 
•decrease  of  the  saloons  in  Manhattan.  Taking  1916  as 
the  basis  of  100  per  cent,  the  saloons  had  decreased  by 
the  end  of  1918  about  14  per  cent.  In  1920  we  found 
that  37  per  cent  had  discontinued ;  in  the  following  year 
over  one-half  of  the  bar-rooms  had  gone  out  of  business, 
a  decrease  of  approximately  51  per  cent.  This  steady, 
gradual  decrease  continued  and  in  1(>22  we  found  only  45 
per  cent  of  the  former  saloons  in  business,  55  per  cent 
having  discontinued.  In  July,  1(>24.  we  found  that  the 
100  per  cent  of  the  saloons  of  1916  had  been  reduced  to 
approximately  20  per  cent  as  80  per  cent  of  them  had 
ceased  to  function. 

THE  CONSTRUCTIVE  SIDE  OF  PROHIBITION 
The  foregoing  tables  and  charts  have  indicated  the  de- 
structive features  of  Prohibition  as  far  as  the  liquor  traffic 
is  concerned.  The  Eighteenth  Amendment  was  never  in- 
tended to  be  a  destructive  measure  exclusively.  The  ad- 
vocates of  the  complete  abolition  and  destruction  of  the 
liquor  traffic  have  been  persuaded  that  the  eradication  of 
this  nefarious  industry  was  the  only  remedy  against  alco- 
holism. The  strongest  argument  for  such  a  contention  is 
that  alcohol  is  a  narcotic,  a  habit-forming  drug  and  a  racial 
poison  which,  like  lead  and  syphilis,  destroys  the  proto- 
plasm and  in  that  way  injures  the  generations  to  come. 
It  is  the  arch  enemy  of  the  fundamental  law  of  mankind: 
Salus  populi  lex  suprcma  esto. 

But  the  constructive  features  of  Prohibition  are  far 
more  important  and  should  be  emphasized  more  than  the 


merely  destructive.  What  the  elimination  of  the  social  en- 
vironment of  saloons  has  meant  to  the  home  and  to  the 
many  victims  who  always  paid  the  fiddler  after  the  drunk- 
ards had  danced  and  enjoyed  their  personal  liberty,  can 
be  realized — and  partially  only — by  those  who  are  familiar 
with  the  social  problems.  What  this  new  environment 
means  to  the  growing  youth,  from  a  psychological  point  of 
view,  can  only  be  fathomed.  Xo  longer  do  the  children, 
especially  in  the  big  cities,  have  to  grow  up  with  a  saloon 
on  each  street  corner  and  with  beer  kegs  on  the  sidewalks 
behind  which  to  play  hide  and  seek,  having  to  dodge  the 
brewers'  big  horses  or  "rush  the  growler"  or  see  the  sorry 
spectacle  of  drunken  men  and  women,  listen  to  their  vul- 
gar remarks  and  be  confronted  with  the  uncouth  appear- 
ance and  dastardly  actions  of  their  fellow  beings  degraded 
by  drink. 

In  table  L.  pages  16  and  17,  we  are  showing,  in  part,  the 
constructive  side  of  Prohibition.  It  is  true  that  saloons 
have  discontinued,  that  liquor  stores  have  ceased  to  exist, 
but  what  kind  of  changes  have  taken  place?  Has  Prohibi- 
tion merely  changed  the  proprietor  or  the  name  of  a  firm? 
It  is  in  the  constructive  side  of  Prohibition  that  one  really 
finds  an  answer  as  to  whether  Prohibition  is  worth  while. 
We  hope  to  show  by  these  tables,  which  for  the  first  time 
are  sufficiently  extensive  to  warrant  conclusions,  that  the 
sponsors  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  acted  more  wisely, 
perhaps,  than  they  knew,  and  that  the  results  have  been  far 
better  and  more  far  reaching  than  the  public  at  large 
expected. 

Summing  up  this  table,  we  find  that  3,800  stores  had 
replaced  2,173  former  saloons  and  liquor  stores.  Of  the 
2.263  saloons  licensed  in  1916  and  the  391  liquor  stores, 
we  found  in  1924  that  2,173  of  these  premises  had  discon- 
tinued; of  these  1.822  had  been  thoroughly  renovated. 
We  are  not  reporting  in  this  table  any  data  regarding  drug 
stores.  The  long  list  of  new  stores  that  have  replaced 
licensed  premises  have  reference  to  saloons  and  liquor 
stores  only.  Table  M,  page  12,  shows  that  the  3,800 
stores  which  occupied  the  premises  of  the  former  2,654 
licensed  liquor  dispensaries  were  divided  a.-,  follows  :  3,298 
stores  have  absolutely  nothing  to  do  and  are  not  connected 
in  any  way,  shape,  manner  or  form  with  the  old  liquor 
traffic.  These  constitute  86.8  per  cent  of  the  total.  The 
349  saloons,  112  part  saloons,  two  new  saloons,  37  malt 
and  hops  stores  and  even  two  stores  selling  sacramental 
wine,  altogether  502  stores,  represent  only  13.21  per  cent 
of  the  total  number  of  premises  surveyed. 

W  e  are  reporting  in  these  tables  two  "new  saloons." 
We  have  reference  here  to  a  new  kind  of  institution  which 
had  its  birth  when  Governor  Smith  signed  the  repealer  of 
the  State  Enforcement  Act.  We  found  approximately  25 
new  saloons  which  came  into  existence  immediately  after 
the  State  law  was  repealed.  These  saloons  differ  in  ap- 
pearance from  the  old  time  bar-room.  There  are  no 
screens  or  open  doors.  There  are  no  signs  whatever  to 
show  that  they  are  saloons.  Some  have  small  signs  pur- 
porting to  indicate  that  they  are  restaurants  and  even  fur- 
niture stores.  The  windows  and  doors  are  covered  with 
an  unvarying  shade  of  dark  green  cloth.  They  are  small 
in  size,  only  one-fourth  to  one-eighth  of  the  size  of  the 
former  bar-room.  There  are  no  tables  whatever  but  just 
the  usual  number  of  cuspidors.  The  door  is  always' 
locked,  one  must  knock  or  have  a  pass-word,  then  the 
green  cloth  is  withdrawn  just  sufficiently  to  observe  the 
intruder,  the  door  is  opened  just  enough  to  admit  the  guest, 
then  closed  again  and  the  green  cloth  is  again  withdrawn 
to  see  if  anyone  has  noticed  the  admittance;  after  this,  the 
place  is  again  as  dead  as  Marley — outwardly.    There  is 


FIFTEEN 


TB 


SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  LIQUOR  STORES  IN  MANHATTAN  (NEW  YORK  CITY)  IN  1916  BY  STREETS  AD 
(1)  1916 


(2) 

(3) 
(4) 
(5) 
(6) 
(7) 

(8) 
(9) 
(10) 
(11) 
(12) 
(13) 
(14) 
(15) 
(16) 
(17) 
(18) 
(19) 
(20) 
(21) 
(22) 
(23) 
(24) 
(25) 
(26) 
(27) 
(28) 
(29) 
(30) 
(31) 
(32) 
(33) 
(34) 
(35) 
(36) 
(37) 
(38) 
(39) 
(40) 
(41) 
(42) 
(43) 
(44) 
(45) 
(46) 
(47) 
(48) 
(49) 
(50) 
(51) 
(52) 
(53) 
(54) 
(55) 
(56) 
(57) 
(58) 
(59) 
(60) 
(61) 
(62) 
(63) 
(64) 
(65) 
(66) 
(67) 
(68) 

(69) 

Dept 


1st 

Licenses  (Saloons,  Liquor  Ave- 

Stores,  Drug  Stores)    222 

Saloons    196 

Liquor  Stores    16 

1924 

Surveyed    222 

Found    in    Business  (Saloons 

and  Liquor  Stores  only)  . .  52 

Discontinued    160 

Renovated    158 

Restaurants    15 

Groceries    20 

Markets    16 

Confectioneries    9 

Meat  and  Fish    12 

Soft  Drinks    4 

Bakeries    4 

Dairies    2 

Fruit  Stands  

Tea  Rooms   •  

Dry   Goods    14 

Men's  Stores    2 

Ladies'  Wear    4 

Shoes    4 

Tailors   

Clothing,    Miscellaneous    1 


Millinery    3 


Hats 


Men's 

Furs   : 

Silk    2 

Baby  Stores    1 

Furniture    4 

Music    3 

Household    6 

Hardware   

Electric  Supplies 

Trunks   

Rugs   

Pharmacies  .... 

Barbers   

Laundries  and  Cleaners    1 

Shoe  and  Hat  Cleaners    1 

Beauty  Parlors    1 

Cigars    ^ 

Jewelry   

Auto  Supplies    5 

Art  Stores    * 

Radio   

Billiards    3 

Florists   

Amusements   

Automobiles    ' 

Books 


Offices 


1 


Manufacturing    7 

Office  Supplies    2 

Banks    2 

Store  Fixtures   

Sacramental  Wines   

Malt  and  Hops    3 

Miscellaneous    12 

Department   Stores    4 

New  Saloons   

Saloons   Unchanged    38 

Saloons  and  Restaurants    4 

Part  Saloons   10 

Vacant    19 

Process  of  Alteration    2 

Vacant  Lots    * 

Total    264 

SOURCE:  Number  of  licenses  from  New 
of  the  World  League  AKainst  Alcoholism. 


2nd 
Ave. 

258 
228 
19 

258 

53 
193 
125 
18 
35 
11 
10 
26 
7 
3 
6 
1 

13 
3 
5 
3 
7 
2 
1 


7 
6 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
4 
6 
3 
5 

10 
6 
4 
3 
1 
1 
4 
2 

1 

3 
3 
3 


11 

5 
4 
1 
38 

15 
22 
1 


3rd 
Ave. 

313 
252 
44 

313 

41 
248 
191 
51 
32 
21 
13 
14 
10 
6 
3 
6 
1 

11 
14 

8 
6 
16 
8 
10 
10 


2 
4 
6 
4 
2 
4 
2 
2 
8 
12 
10 
13 
1 

16 
5 
4 
3 
4 
3 


331 

York  State 


7 

15 

3 


6 
16 
4 

23 
3 
15 
44 
11 


494 


4th- 
Ave. 

5th 
Ave. 

6th 

7th 

8th 

9th 

10th 

lltfa 

Ams'd'm 

Bow- 

Broad 

Ave. 

Ave. 

Ave. 

Ave. 

Ave. 

Ave. 

ery 

way 

£.0 

r  i 
3  1 

113 

125 

248 

126 

91 

46 

186 

47 

243 

11 

Zo 

*rU 

82 

105 

194 

104 

80 

46 

128 

45 

160 

1 

o 

V 

1  0 

15 

40 

18 

10 

48 

45 

26 

ri 

j  1 

113 

125 

248 

126 

91 

46 

186 

47 

243 

5 

11 

19 

36 

22 

31 

16 

25 

3 

18 

24 

44 

90 

98 

198 

103 

59 

30 

151 

43 

187 

18 

25 

78 

80 

171 

106 

42 

11 

117 

32 

220 

11 

11 

23 

15 

34 

11 

5 

5 

10 

19 

58 

6 

22 

9 

24 

16 

10 

2 

44 

1 

U 

2 

5 

7 

6 

4 

9 

1 

4 

4 

7 

5 

2 

4 

2 

7 

2 

It 

2 

■2 

2 

10 

8 

5 

14 

3 

2 

1 

.  2 

1 

2 

3 

1 

4 

4 

6 

2 

2 

V 

1 

1 
5 
1 

1 

5 

4 

1 

3 

3 

2 
] 

3 

10 

5 

2 

5 

9 

4 

1 

2 

4 

1 

6 

3 

1 

3 

4 

5 

2 

6 

2 

4 

1 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

3 

1 

2 

4 

6 

13 

1 

1 

5 

2 
1 

2 

1 

6 
2 

2 
2 

48 


4 
1 

62 


16 
4 
6 
2 

25 
7 
2 
1 
1 


4 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

18 

1 

2 

7 

3 

1 

6 

6 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

2 

2 

4 

6 

4 

8 

3 

2 

1 

7 

8 

1 

1 
1 

3 

6 

6 

15 

24 

18 

25 

10 

25 

2 

1 

1 

1 

5 

5 

1 

4 

3 

11 

4 

1 

1 

1 

11 

10 

32 

23 

14 

13 

16 

3 

4 

11 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

2 

2 

193 

162 

309 

144 

104 

49 

231 

90 

Commissioner  of  Excise.    All  other  data  from  ori 
Compiled  by  K.  E.  I  orradim 


ginal  investigations  of  the  Research 
September,  19-M. 

SIXTEEN 


ENUES.  A X D  THE  CHANGES  BROUGHT  ABOUT  DURING  THE  FIRST  FIVE  YEARS  OF  NATIONAL  PROHIBITION 


(1) 

Lex. 

Madison 

Col. 

Park 

Grand 

Wash. 

South 

Pearl 

West 

St.  Nic. 

Park 

( Ireenwicli 

14th 

23rd 

34th 

42nd 

125  th 

\vc 

Ave. 

Ave. 

St. 

St. 

St. 

St. 

St. 

Ave. 

Ave. 

St. 

St. 

St. 

St. 

St 

1  otal 

42 

48 

100 

20 

31 

46 

•  33 

31 

75 

33 

49 

60 

17 

18 

6 

37 

33 

?  8  ?-l 
^.  ,o»)^ 

K-) 

34 

29 

58 

18 

22 

40 

33 

29 

73 

24 

39 

53 

14 

16 

3 

30 

26 

(J) 

3 

12 

28 

5 

6 

2 

1 

6 

9 

5 

2 

1 

4 

5 

391 

( 5 1 

42 

48 

100 

20 

31 

46 

33 

31 

75 

33 

49 

60 

17 

18 

6 

37 

33 

2,834 

\  u ; 

7 

5 

8 

2 

4 

10 

12 

9 

22 

8 

9 

12 

3 

4 

1 

5 

2 

461 

(7) 

30 

36 

78 

16 

23 

36 

21 

22 

52 

22 

39 

46 

13 

14 

2 

30 

14 

2,173 

(8) 

45 

24 

63 

18 

20 

20 

12 

16 

40 

24 

16 

31 

13 

4 

2 

27 

28 

1,822 

(9) 

12 

9 

5 

7 

5 

10 

9 

11 

24 

5 

8 

21 

7 

8 

2 

11 

10 

460 

(10) 

9 

5 

22 

2 

3 

5 

16 

2 

1 

301 

(11) 

1 

5 

6 

1 

8 

5 

116 

(12) 

3 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

3 

113 

(13) 

2 

3 

2 

2 

109 

(14) 

2 

2 

1 

5 

1 

2 

67 

(15) 

1 

1 

1 

34 

(16) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

32 

(17) 

1 

2 

2 

1 

31 

(18) 

2 

6 

(19) 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

86 

(20) 

2 

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

2 

78 

(21) 

1 

1 

6 

1 

2 

3 

3 

63 

(22) 

1 

4 

2 

1 

2 

62 

(23) 

1 

1 

3 

1 

58 

(24) 

1 

42 

(25) 

1 

3 

1 

1 

2 

40 

(26) 

1 

1 

2 

35 

(27) 

2 

1 

31 

(28) 

4 

30 

(29) 

7 

(30) 

1 

1 

3- 

1 

3 

1 

49 

(31) 

1 

2 

27 

(32) 

1 

. . 

3 

25 

(33) 

1 

14 

(34) 

1 

1 

1 

16 

(35) 

2 

14 

(36) 

1 

13 

(37) 

2 

9 

1 

2 

1 

1 

94 

(38) 

3 

1 

3 

1 

2 

76 

(39) 

6 

6 

1 

3 

1 

54 

(40) 

1 

2 

1 

1 

48 

(41) 

1 

11 

(42) 

4 

3 

8 

i 

1 

1 

1 

5 

167 

(43) 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

49 

(44) 

2 

,  . 

33 

(45) 

i 

1 

24 

(46) 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

23 

(47) 

1 

2 

20 

(48) 

3 

1 

19 

(49) 

2 

2 

17 

(50) 

1 

1 

12 

(51) 

1 

5 

(52) 

1 

1 

1 

7 

1 

1 

1 

59 

(53) 

2 

4 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

55 

(54) 

1 

1 

1 

26 

(55) 

2 

18 

(56) 

9 

(57) 

1 

2 

(58) 

2 

1 

37 

(59) 

3 

2 

4 

4 

2 

7 

3 

7 

1 

4 

3 

145 

(60) 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

33 

(61) 

2 

(62) 

5 

3 

8 

2 

10 

7 

18 

5 

2 

1 

1 

2 

349 

\\JO  ) 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

2 

3 

37 

(64) 

i 

2 

1 

3 

1 

1 

75 

(65) 

ii 

2 

21 

1 

1 

1 

266 

(66) 

i 

2 

1 

3 

2 

65 

(67) 

2 

2 

11 

(68) 

81 

55 

139 

30 

31 

54 

48 

35 

90 

44 

64 

94 

27 

24 

8 

50 

51 

3,800 

(69) 

SEVENTEEN 


•     CHART  III 
SHOWING  DECREASE  OF  SALOONS  IN  MANHATTAN 
1916—1918—1920—1921—1922—1924 

1916=100%.    BLACK:   INDICATES  SALOONS  IN  BUSINESS;    WHITE:    SALOONS  WHICH   HAVE  DISCONTINUED 


1916:  100% 

1918:  86% 

1918:  14^ 

1920:  63% 

1920:  37% 

1921:  49% 

1921:  51% 

1922:  45% 

1922:  55% 

CHART  III  SHOWS  THE  GRADUAL  BUT  STEADY  DECREASE 
OF  SALOONS  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY. 

TAKING  THE  YEAR  1916  AS  A  BASIS  (  100%  )  WE  FOUND 
THAT  BY  THE  END  OF  1918  CHIEFLY  DUE  TO  WAR  MEASURES 
AND  THE  ANTICIPATION  OF  PROHIBITION,  THE  SALOONS 
HAD  DECREASED  APPROXIMATELY  14%.  IN  1920  AFTER 
WAR-TIME  PROHIBITION  HAD  BEEN  EFFECTIVE  AND  PROHI- 
BITION   BY    CONSTITUTIONAL    AMENDMENT    HAD  SUBSTT- 


an  uncomfortable  spookiness  and  secrecy  about  this  whole 
performance  which  may  raise  a  question  as  to  the  honesty 
of  those  concerned.  No  light  is  ever  seen  at  night  or 
during  the  day  and  the  coming  and  going  to  and  fro  in 
these  new  places  is  always  mysterious  and  not  lacking  a 
certain  degree  of  amusing  solemnity. 

We  found  two  of  these  "oases"  in  place  of  former 
saloons  where  we  know  that  the  old  saloon  has  long 
discontinued. 

The  survey  of  the  whole  city,  however,  indicates  that 
since  the  repeal  of  the  Mullan-Gage  Act  in  1923,  there 
have  come  into  existence  probably  200  of  these  nonde- 
script gathering  places.  We  have  classified  them  as  sa- 
loons for  the  mere  reason  thai  one  look  at  the  clientele  is 
sufficient  to  dissuade  us  from  classifying  them  as  Sunday 
schools.  We  have  seen  many  drunkards  emerging  from 
these  "new  saloons,"  most  of  them,  however,  propped  up 
by  friendly  acolytes  who  supplied  the  direction,  the  stead- 
iness and  the  motive  power  of  the  central  figure  of  the 
trio. 

We  found  sufficient  corroboration  for  the  statement 
issued  by  the  Hoard  of  Health  and  the  Restaurateurs, 
that  concerns  dealing  in  food  arc  increasing  in  America. 
Many  of  the  2,654  liquor  dispensaries  which  went  out  of 


1924:  80/< 


TUTED  IT,  37%  OF  THE  OLD  "GIN  MILLS"  HAD  CEASED  TO 
FUNCTION.  THE  DECREASE  CONTINUED,  AND  IN  1921  WE 
FOUND  OVER  HALF  OF  THE  SALOONS  TO  HAVE  DISAPPEARED, 
ONLY  41%  WERE  APPARENTLY  IN  BUSINESS,  WHILE  51% 
HAD  DISCONTINUED.  IN  1922  55%  HAD  DISCONTINUED, 
AND  BY  THE  END  OF  1924,  OVER  80%  HAD  DISAPPEARED. 

IN  JULY,  1924,  THE  EXACT  PERCENTAGE  WAS  79%,  BUT 
MANY  SALOONS  DISAPPEARED  AFTER  THAT  MONTH. 


business  were  replaced  by  restaurants,  cafeterias  and  other 
eating  places.  We  found  1,269  of  them  or  33.4  per  cent 
of  the  total.  There  were  532  stores  or  14  per  cent,  in  the 
clothing  business,  369  or  9.71  per  cent  were  dealing  in 
luxuries  or  non-essentials,  342  or  9  per  cent  were  still  va- 
cant. Many  of  these  were  still  in  process  of  alteration. 
There  were  283  which  might  be  classified,  with  a  certain 
degree  of  latitude,  as  hygenic  institutions.  They  comprise 
laundries,  barber  shops,  swimming  pools  and  beauty  par- 
lors. Regarding  the  latter,  of  course,  we  are  still  some- 
what in  doubt  and  speak  only  with  limited  experience; 
we  have  no  other  evidence  than  the  observation  of  some 
of  the  aromatized  manikins  that  these  establishments  re- 
lease now  and  anon. 

Stores  given  almost  exclusively  to  furnishing  the  homes 
number  I'M  or  5  per  cent.  It  is  interesting  to  notice  that 
while  on  the  business  streets  we  find  more  food  stores, 
barber  shops  and  shoe-polishing  establishments,  in  those 
sections  of  Manhattan  which  might  be  classified  as  resi- 
dential districts,  there  are  more  new  furniture  stores  than 
any  other  concerns.  Immediately  after  the  advent  of 
Prohibition  many  second-hand  furniture  stores  sprang  up 
all  over  the  city.  Lately  thes*  have  had  a  tendency  to 
disappear  while  the  large  furniture  concerns  have  erected 


EIGHTEEN 


new  and  immense  buildings,  sky-scrapers  in  some  in- 
stances, which  would  indicate  a  healthy  expansion  of 
these  outlets  which  can  make  homes  out  of  tenements. 

The  different  varieties  of  stores  that  we  have  found  are 
over  200.  In  table  1,  page  29,  we  are  giving  exactly  200 
kinds  of  stores  all  of  which  are  now  occupying  premises 
formerly  held  by  saloons  and  liquor  stores.  For  those 
who  wish  to  study  the  far-reaching  effects  of  the  Eight- 
eenth Amendment,  we  submit  this  table  for  careful  con- 
sideration. We  should  like  to  draw  the  attention  of  the 
student  of  economy  to  this  table  asking  him  to  fathom, 
if  possible,  the  effects  of  Prohibition  as  revealed  by  these 
200  concerns.  In  this  table  we  find  the  solution  to  the 
"poor  man's  club"  myth,  liow  many  persons  there  were, 
sincerely  concerned  as  to  what  would  become  of  the  labor- 
ing people  when  the  saloon — the  poor  man's  club — dis- 
appeared !  This  table  gives  the  economic  answer  to  that 
question.  Prohibition  has  opened  up  many  channels  where 
Mr.  Laboring  Man  can  be  gently  relieved  of  what  he 
saved  from  the  saloon  and  which  the  "Missus"  has  failed 
to  purloin.  An  all-around  amicable  adjustment  and  so- 
lution of  the  problem  has  long  since  taken  place,  without 
much  ado.  A  trip  to  the  Ghetto  would  be  perhaps  the 
most  astonishing  revelation  to  a  great  many  who  do  not 
know  how  the  "other  half"  lives.  What  would  some  per- 
sons say  if  they  saw  on  the  spot  of  a  former  saloon  a 
jewelry  store  exhibiting  diamonds  priced  from  $100  to 
$1,500,  with  all  the  latest  non-essentials  very  much  like 
what  is  seen  on  Broadway?  What  would  many  think  of 
Prohibition  if  they  could  see  instead  of  the  former  saloons 
on  the  Lower  East  Side,  in  the  slums,  now  stores  which 
would  do  credit  to  the  best  of  the  environment,  selling  the 
very  latest  style  and  best  quality  of  fur  coats,  or  the  most 
fantastic  assortments  of  footwear  that  human  ingenuity 
has  been  able  to  devise?  It  is  not  uncommon  to  see  on 
the  Lower  East  Side  within  half  a  block  of  the  Bowery, 
smart  haberdasheries  which  have  replaced  old  and  fetid 
"gin  mills"  and  which  now  sell  shirts  priced  at  $15,  neck- 
ties at  $4  to  $8,  not  to  speak  of  silk  robes  up  to  $20  and 
$30.  Are  we  to  be  so  naive  as  to  believe  that  these  goods 
would  be  carried  by  Jewish  dealers  if  there  were  no  mar- 
ket for  them  ? 

BARNACLES 

Of  the  2,263  saloons  of  1916  we  found  349  in  1924 
which  had  not  changed!  This  is  only  9.18  per  cent  of  the 
concerns  which  have  supplanted  the  liquor  traffic.  There 
were  112  which  had  relinquished  some  of  their  space  and 
these  represent  less  than  3  per  cent  of  the  total  number 
of  concerns  investigated.  In  the  survey  of  1922  we  found, 
in  the  1421  saloons  and  liquor  stores  which  had  discon- 
tinued, 43  which  had  been  replaced  by  malt  and  hops 
stores  selling  implements  to  make  home-brew.  In  our 
latest  survey  where  we  investigated  approximately  3,000 
licensed  places,  we  could  find  only  37  malt  and  hops  stores. 
This  represents  less  than  one  per  cent  of  the  total  number 
of  stores  investigated.  What  we  stated  in  our  conclu- 
sions in  the  1922  survey  regarding  these  concerns  can  be 
reiterated  with  added  force. 

With  over  1,500,000  Jewish  inhabitants  in  the  City  of 
New  York  we  found  only  two  stores  selling  sacramental 
wine  for  religious  purposes  in  place  of  the  former  saloons. 
That  there  has  been  abuse  of  this  privilege,  under  the  Vol- 
stead Act,  of  selling  wine  for  religious  purposes  cannot  be 
denied.  .However,  it  is  to  the  infinite  credit  of  the  Jewish 
inhabitants  and  an  indication  of  their  loyalty  to  the  gov- 
ernment that  they  have  evidently  been  able  to  devise  ways 
and  means  to  be  as  patriotic  as  they  are  religious. 


CHART  IV 


l.\  Nils  (HART  WE  ARE  SHOWING  GRAPHICALLY  THE 
FINDINGS  OJ?  TABLE  X,  PACE  26. 

IT  SHOWS  THE  INCREASE  IX  ASSESSED  VALUATION  OF  ALL 
PROPERTY  FOR  THE  WHOLE  COUNTRY,  OF  THE  PROPERTY  OF 
FORMER  SALOONS  WHICH  ARE  STILL  IX  BUSINESS,  OF  THOSE 
WHICH  HAVE  DISCONTINUED,  AND  OF  THE  LATTER  TWO 
COM  BIX  EI). 

I  IIF  VERTICAL  COLUMN  A,  SHOWS  THE  INCREASE  IN  THE 
ASSESSED  VALUATION  OF  ALL  IMPROVED  PROPERTY'  IN  MAN- 
HATTAN FROM  1916  TO  1923.  THE  TOTAL  INCREASE  FOR 
Till-  COUNTRY  IS  21.4%. 

IN  COLUMN  It,  WE  ARE  GIVING  THE  INCREASE  IN  ASSESSED 
VALUATION  OF  88  SALOONS  LICENSED  IN  1916,  WHICH  HAD 
NOT  CHANGED  IX  OUTWARD  APPEARANCE  BY  JULY,  1924. 
Till:  INCREASE  FOR  THESE  PROPERTIES  IS  42%.  THE  FACT 
THAT  THESE  PROPERTIES  ARE  HIGHER  THAN  THE  AVERAGE 
IS  ACCOUNTED  FOR  IX  THIS  WAY.  SOME  OF  THEM  ARE  COR- 
NER PROPERTIES  OX  VERY  VALUABLE  LOTS  IX  CONSPICUOUS 
PARTS  OF  OUR  THOROUGHFARES. 

IN  VERTICAL  COLUMN  C,  WE  ARE  SHOWING  THE  INCREASE 
tN  ASSESSED  OF  858  PROPERTIES  WHICH.  IX  1916  WERE  SA- 
LOONS AND  LIQUOR  STORES.  IN  THESE  ARE  INCLUDED  88 
(OF  B)  WHICH  HAVE  NOT  CHANGED,  ALSO  THE  770  PROP- 
ERTIES WHICH  FORMERLY  WERE  SALOONS  AND  HAVE  NOW 
DISCONTINUED  TO  EXIST  AS  LIQUOR  DISPENSARIES.  THE  IN- 
CREASE FOR  ALL  OF  THESE  PROPERTIES  IS  64%. 

IX  VERTICAL  COLUMN  D,  WE  HAVE  GIVEN  THE  INCREASE 
IX  ASSESSED  VALUATION  OF  770  PROPERTIES  WHICH  WERE 
FORMERLY  SALOONS  AND  LIQUOR  STORES  BLTT  WHICH  HAVE 
NOW  DISCONTINUED.  THE  INCREASE  IX  VALUATION  FOR 
THESE  PROPERTIES  WHICH  HAVE  YIELDED  TO  THE  NEW 
ORDER  IS  66.2%. 

COLUMN  C,  IS  REDUCED  TO  64%  BY  THE  COMPARATIVELY 
POOR  SHOWING  ON  COLUMN  B. 


The  detailed  data  for  every  street  and  avenue  in  Man- 
hattan, showing  exactly  what  became  of  the  former  liquor 
dispensaries,  and  to  what  extent  the  different  industries 
have  absorbed  the  space,  clientele,  purchasing  power  of 
the  former  devotees  of  Bacchus  and  Gambrinus  is  shown 
in  table  L,  pages  16  and  17. 

REAL  ESTATE  VALUES 

If  Prohibition  has  affected  real  estate  to  such  an  extent 
as  shown  in  the  foregoing  tables  and  charts  how  much  of 
it  is  reflected  in  the  valuation  of  properties?  Should  they 
not  show  an  increase  beyond  the  normal  in  value?  We 
frankly  believe  they  should,  and  they  do. 


NINETEEN 


TABLE  E 


SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  SALOONS  AND  LIQUOR  STORES  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY  (MANHATTAN) 
AND  THE  CHANGES  AFTER  THREE  YEARS  OF  PROHIBITION 


1st  2nd  3rd 

1918                         Ave.  Ave.  Ave. 

Licenses                         157  176  233 

Saloons                          150  165  205 

Liquor  Stores                    7  11  28 

1922 


4th      Sth      6th     7th      8th      9th      10th  11th 

Ave.   Ave.    Ave.   Ave.    Ave.    Ave.    Ave.  Ave. 


18     40     88    106    216  103 
17     35     78     93    188  87 
1       5      10     13     28  16 


Surveyed    157 

In  Business    73 

Discontinued    84 

Vacant   

Renovated    67 

Restaurants    19 

Groceries    2 

Cigars  

Dry  Goods    14 


Men's  Wear 

Markets   

Soft  Drinks  ..  . 
Confectioneries 
Barbers 


1 

5 
1 
4 
1 

Office  Supplies   ....   2 

Pharmacies    2 

Ladies'  Wear    3 

Meat,  Fish   

Shoe  and  Hat  cleaning 

Fruit  Stands   

Jewelry   

Miscellaneous  clothing 

Shoes   

Manufacturing    4 

Malt  and  Hops    3 

Laundries    2 

Books,  Stationery  

Amusements    2 

Furniture    4 

Furs   

Music    2 

Shoe  Repairing  

Millineries    1 

Banks    2 

Silk;   •  • 

Hardware    2 

Hats  (Men's) 
Bakeries   


176 
85 
91 
3 
83 
~  22 
13 
6 
11 
4 
8 
4 
2 


4 
2 

13 
3 
7 
3 
1 
5 
6 

11 


233 
110 
123 
15 
95 
44 
14 
12 
17 
10 


18 
2 

16 
1 

13 


40 
9 
31 
1 
22 
13 
16 


1 


16 
72 

3 
65 
30 
10 
19 

3 

9 

3 
13 

7 
11 
16 

r 

13 

2 

8 

2 
10 

6 

4 

6 
_J 

A 

4 

1 


106  216 
17  89 


89 
5 
72 
26 
9 

14 

2 

14 
1 

7 
7 

10 
1 

4 
11 
1 
6 
1 
2 

i 

2 


2 
3 
1 
11 

'I 
1 
4 

4 
1 


127 
17 
103 


103 
50 
53 
1 
47 


75 
71 

± 

75 
43 
32 
1 
23 


35 
35 


35 
21 
14 
1 

9 


Ams. 
Ave. 

133 
103 
30 

133 
49 
84 
1 

62 


Br'd 
way 

173 
141 

32 

173 
18 

155 
10 

101 


Col. 

Bowery  Ave. 

36  77 


36 


36 
9 
27 

27 


58 
19 

77 
31 
46 
1 

26 


30 
15 
17 
12 
11 
15 
14 

7 
13 

3 
16 

1 

6 
14 

5 

6 
10 

7 

4 

_2_ 
7 
5 
4 

i 

5 
5 
4 
4 


13 
13 
3 
4 
2 
10 

2 
1 

_1 
3 

'5 
1 
5 
1 


10 

3 

*6 
1 

2 


13 
19 

3 

6 

1 

11 

2 
2 

'2 

7" 

1 

4 

2 

1 

3 

6 

3 

3 

4 


58 
19 
19 
2 
7 
4 
10 
7 
2 


13 
2 
3 
6 
4 
1 
4 
1 
3 

12 


11 

16 
3 
4 
1 

4 

3 


3 


1 


7  12 
156  223 


1 


1 


1 


1 


Automobile  Supplies  . 

Art  Stores  

Beauty  Parlors   

Tea  Rooms  

Automobiles   

Baby  Stores    1 

Radio  

Rugs    I 

Crockery   

Sacramental  Wine  ...     . . 
Miscellaneous    5  

Total  New  Concerns  .  101    156    223     34     49    226    161    263     82  45 

SOURCE:     Number  of  licenses  from  Annual  Report  (1918)  of  Commissioner  of  Excise. 

All  other  data  from  original  investigations  by  the  Research  Department  of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism 


12 


1 


4 

19 


1 


1 


5 

112" 


4 
201 


1 

i 

"68 


2 

"78" 


Lex. 
Ave. 

43 
40 
3 

43 
23 
20 
1 

19 


46 


Misc. 

N.  Y.  Totals 

168  1,877 

162  1,664 

6  213 


168 
42 
126 
12 
105 
68 
4 
9 
4 
12 
5 
4 
12 
10 
9 
7 
4 
3 
3 


1,877 
687 
1,190 
73 
939 
391 
159 
114 
95 
82 
81 
73 
66 
62 
60 
60 
55 
52 
50 
46 
46 
45 
45 
42 
36 
35 
28 
23 
23 
23 
22 
22 
20 
19 
19 


2 

_  9 
226 


18 
14 
14 
14 
12 
9 
9 
7 
6 

_5 
4 
3 
3 

78 
2,090 


W'e  endeavored  to  obtain  from  real  estate  agents  and 
landlords  the  comparative  values  of  real  estate  before  and 
during  Prohibition,  and  what  a  mess  we  got  into!  If  the 
proprietor  was  of  a  Jewish  "business  persuasion"  and 
thought  that  there  was  an  opportunity  to  sell  his  property, 
he  would  invariably  boost  the  price  and  send  it  skyrocket- 
ing several  hundred  per  cent  over  and  beyond  the  actual 
value.  I  f  he  thought  there  was  a  possibility  of  some  pub- 
licity the  value  of  the  property  reached  such  dizzy  heights 
that  it  would  have  confounded  the  Lest  accountants  who 
recently  dealt  in  German  paper  marks.  But  if  the  pro- 
prietor was  a  suspicious  Greek  or  Italian  and  "smelt"  the 
dark  doings  of  the  revenue  department  and  bis  thoughts 
flitted  to  income  taxes  or  assessments,  then  the  values  de- 
creased and  we  saw  the  most  wonderful  buildings  referred 
to  with  a  sneer  as  mere  pittances  which  might  have  been 
sold  for  a  song.  We  therefore  betook  ourselves  to  the 
archives  of  the  Commissioners  of  Taxes  and  Assessments 
where  we  obtained  the  accurate  data  here  reported.  Our 


tables  of  this  part  of  the  survey  can  be  summed  up  as 
follows : 

The  assessed  value  of  all  improved  real  estate  in  the 
Borough  of  .Manhattan  increased  21.4  per  cent,  or,  for  the 
number  of  properties  given  us,  the  average  increase  in 
assessed  value  was  $59,059.  For  88  properties  licensed 
in  1916  and  which  in  1923  still  had  the  outward  appear- 
ance of  the  former  saloons,  the  average  increase  was  42 
per  cent,  but  the  average  represents  only  $26,357  which 
shows  a  decided  inferiority  in  quality  and  value  of  these 
properties  as  compared  with  the  average  parcels  of  real 
estate  in  Manhattan.  The  interesting  showing  which  Pro- 
hibition makes  is  for  770  former  licensed  liquor  dispen- 
saries which  in  l'Mh  were  given  over  to  the  liquor  traffic, 
but  which,  by  1923  had  changed  to  legitimate  business 
concerns.  The  increase  for  these  properties  was  66.2  per 
cent  and  the  average  increase  of  each  one  was  $127,994. 
In  other  words,  the  saloons  which  have  gone  out  of  busi- 
ness and  have  been  replaced  by  post-prohibition  concerns 

TWENTY 


show  increases  of  an  average  of  over  twice  as  much  as 
the  increase  in  the  average  parcel  of  real  estate,  the  whole 
city  considered.  These  properties  which  have  changed 
have  increased  on  an  average  of  about  five  times  as  much 
as  those  saloons  which  are  still  in  business.  From  a  real- 
estate  point  of  view,  to  keep  a  saloon  running  today  is  the 
most  foolhardy  asininity  in  the  business  world.  The  de- 
tails of  this  are  shown  in  table  X,  pages  26  and  27.  In 
studying  this  table  attention  is  called  to  the  ultra  conserva- 
tism of  this  survey.  The  assessed  valuation  is  given  for 
1016  and  192.3  because  during  July,  1(>24,  the  Assessment 
books  of  1924  were  not  ready.  Had  they  been,  undoubt- 
edly there  could  be  shown  a  further  increase  over  the  one 
we  can  show  now. 

In  chart  IV.  page  19.  is  shown  graphically  the  relative 
increase  of  the  different  classes  of  properties  which  are 
summarized  in  this  table  on  assessments  of  real  estate. 

The  assessed  values  of  the  properties  licensed  in  1916  in- 
clude those  which  have  discontinued  (770)  and  a  few  (88) 
Which  are  still  in  business.  These  858  show  an  increase  of 
64  per  cent  or  an  average  of  $1 1 5,10.3  for  each  of  the  prop- 
erties. The  total  increase  in  assessed  valuation  is  almost 
$100,000,(XX).  These  tremendous  figures  can  be  best  in- 
terpreted in  the  1  i  rlit  of  table  (i.  page  29.  whi  b.  although 
it  covers  only  17  premises,  is  quite  typical  of  the  changes 
which  Prohibition  has  thrust  upon  New  York.  These  17 
premises  picked  at  random  on  Seventh,  Eighth  and  Elev- 
enth Avenues,  the  Bowery,  Broadway  and  125th  Street, 
cover  different  sections  of  the  city,  the  worst  and  the  best, 
and  show  that  over  $14,500,000  has  been  expended  in  erect- 
ing new  buildings  throughout  the  city  on  17  lots  which  for- 
merly were  occupied  by  liquor  joints.  The  average 
amount  expended  for  each  property  is  over  $860,000. 
ranging  from  $1,500  up  to  $5,000,000.  When  this  aver- 
age is  multiplied  by  96,  the  new  buildings,  there  is  an  amaz- 
i  rr  revelation  of  how  Prohibition  has  affected  things. 

In  this  connection  one  should  also  consider  the  2,000 
properties  which  have  been  renovated,  and  the  1,056  of 
the  1,225  choice  corner  properties  which  have  absorbed 
new  concerns.  It  will  be  the  task  of  the  economist  to 
gaujge  properly  the  tremendous  amount  of  money  that 
Prohibition  caused  to  be  circulated  in  renovating  all  these 
properties,  in  putting  up  new  buildings,  stocking  new 
stores  and  supplying  them  with  employes.    It  can  truly 


be  said  that  there  is  no  single  branch  of  commerce  which 
has  not  profited  financially  by  Prohibition.  And  what  is 
true  of  New  York  is  true  of  the  whole  country. 

SUMMARY  OF  OUR  1924  SURVEY 

The  survey  of  P'24  has  convinced  us  of  the  following: 

First:  Our  conclusions  based  on  the  1922  survey  have 
been  fully  justified. 

Second:  All  the  good  which  had  come  up  to  that  time 
has  been  greatly  intensified  in  these  last  two  additional 
years  of  Prohibition. 

Third:  Prohibition  in  New  York  City  is  directly  re- 
sponsible for  an  unprecedented  wave  of  prosperity  which 
reaches  every  business  concern  Jwwcvcr  remote  it  may 
have  been  or  is  from  the  former  liquor  traffic. 

Fourth:  The  value  of  former  saloon  real  estate  which 
Iris  been  altered  (or  legitimate  purposes  has  increased  in 
such  an  unprecedented  degree  that  it  has  not  only  offset 
any  loss  to  the  city  from  liquor  revenue,  but  slum's  un- 
doubtedly the  most  fruitful  source  of  revenue.  In  Nc7i< 
York  City  where  the  administration  borrows  almost  to  the 
very  limit  of  its  credit,  Prohibition  has  been  a  vcritab'e 
life  saver. 

Fifth:  The  financial  benefits  accruing  from  this  law 
to  the  community  are  contingent  upon  the  degree  of  en- 
forcement by  the  local,  as  well  as  by  the  Federal  author- 
it  ics. 

Sixth:  The  changes  have  all  been  for  the  better:  turn- 
ing sa'oous  into  new  stores  gave  employment  to  workers 
and  created  a  demand  for  considerable  quantities  of  build- 
ing material.  The  nc7i.'  stores  added  invariably  to  the 
atmosphere  of  the  community.  The'  money  which  failed 
to  go  into  the  ti'l  of  the  liquor  trade  found  ready  and 
willing  recipients  in  the  many  shops  which  supplanted  sa- 
loons and  which  sell  necessities  and  luxuries  for  the  home. 
Especially  in  the  poorer  sections,  ive  found  new  interest  by 
the  families  in  furnishing  their  homes  which  in  turn,  due 
to  the  fact  that  they  are  more  attractive,  keep  the  men  at 
home  and  so  awaken  a  new  interest  in  the  family. 

Seventh:  Prohibition  has  been  frightfully  destructive 
to  the  liquor  traffic,  but  surveying  the  constructive  situa- 
tion there  is  but  one  conclusion  that  we  can  reach,  to-wit: 
WHEREl  rER  PROHIBITION 

I 'TUCK  ED  A  TH I  STU- 
FF PLANTED  A  ROSE 


THE  FOLLOWING  PHOTOGRAPHS  SHOW  A  FEW  OF  THE  NEW  BUILDINGS  WHICH  HAVE  BEEN  ERECTED  ON  BROADWAY 
ON  PREMISES  FORMERLY  OCCUPIED  BY  BARROOMS.  IV  MANY  rNSTANCES  THE  OLD  BUILDING  WAS  JUST 
A  FRAME  HOUSE  OR  A  TWO  OR  THP.KK -STORY  BRICK  BCILD1NG 


1'IIESE  TWO  BUILDINGS  HAVE  BEEN  ERECTED  SINCE  Till-;  ADVENT  OF  PROHIBITION.    THE  PHOTOGRAPH  ON  THE  LEFT  SHOWS  A  THEATRE  AND 
THE  SPACE  OF  A  FORMER  SALOON  IS  TODAY  OCCUPIED  BY  A  MILLINERY  STORE,  WHILE  ON  THE  RIGHT  WE  FIND 
SEVERAL  STORES  WHICH  HAVE  REPLACED  THE  FORMER  BAR 


TESTIMONY   OF   A  REALTOR 

The  subjoined  article  is  part  of  an  advertisement  which  appeared  recently  in  one  of  our  leading  New  York  news- 
papers, inserted  and  paid  for  by  Mr.  William  Douglas  Kil pafrick.  real  estate  and  building  operator  whose  offices  arc 
in  the  Singer  Building,  New  York  City. 

 WHAT  HAS  BEEN  THE  RESULT  

OF  PROHIBITION 

(1)  WE  FIND  THAT 

The  propaganda  inaugurated  and  constantly  fostered  by  the  liquor  interests  and  their 
allies,  predicting  the  most  dire  economic  results  as  the  adoption  of  prohibition,  has  been 
proven  absolutely  false.  Particularly  is  this  true  of  the  prophesied  effects  on  the  value 
of  New  York  real  estate.  Assessed  values  were,  according  to  inspired  predictions,  to  fall 
to  such  a  level  as  to  prevent  the  City  from  exercising  its  municipal  functions.  Since  Pro- 
hibition came  the  increase  in  the  assessed  values  has  been  close  to  FOUR  BILLION 
DOLLARS. 

(2)  WE  FIND  THAT 

Even  with  the  original  lax  enforcement  of  the  law.  a  gigantic  increase  in  every  line  of 
business,  trade  and  profession  resulted  from  the  transfer  in  some  degree  of  New  York 
City's  direct  and  indirect  annual  booze  expenditure  of  ONE  BILLION  DOLLARS  to 
the  innumerable  lines  comprising  New  York's  enormous  business  world. 

(3)  WE  FIND  THAT 

This  most  desirable  condition  of  business  prosperity  and  all  that  phrase  implies,  is  in  dan- 
ger of  being  hamstrung  by  the  comparatively  wide-open,  and  growing  conditions  of  liquor 
selling  in  saloons,  "restaurants"  and  the  great  number  of  "speakeasies"  which  have  sprung 
up  since  the  Empire  State  seceded  from  the  United  States,  in  the  repeal  of  the  Mullan- 
Gage  enforcement  act,  on  the  question  of  auxiliary  enforcement  by  the  States.  Whether 
or  not  this  wide-open  condition  was  the  object  sought  in  the  Mullan-Gage  act  repeal,  is 
known  best  to  its  sponsors,  but  it  certainly  has  accomplished  this  result  and  the  business 
prosperity  of  the  City  at  large  is  ominously  threatened  by  the  decrease  in  business  in 
retail  stores  and  shops,  and  as  the  retailer  is  the  last  link  in  the  chain  of  manufacture  and 
distribution,  this  condition  affects  employment,  wages,  mill,  factory,  mine,  jobber,  realty 
and  the  endless  chain  of  industries  and  business  dependent  on  the  prosperity  of  the  retailer. 

(4)  WE  FIND  THAT 

Just  as,  in  1895.  the  savings  banks  deposits  increased,  when  Theodore  Roosevelt  closed 
the  saloons  on  Sunday  only,  so,  since  Prohibition  came,  the  deposits  have  increased  to 
an  enormous  figure,  and  that  this  Prohibition-made-and-saved-savings-bank-money  helped 
to  solve  our  housing  problem  through  mortgage  loans  made  by  the  savings  banks. 

(5)  WE  FIND  THAT 

Disregarding  entirely  the  moral  issue  involved,  and  considering  only  the  economic  fac- 
tor, Prohibition  has  justified  its  adoption  by  the  most  intelligent,  far-seeing  nation  in  the 
world,  over  and  over  again,  as  a  health-giving,  accident-preventing,  horne-protecting- 
and-owning,  money-saving,  business-increasing  and  employment-giving  economic  meas- 
ure, and  that  there  never  was  any  other  factor  or  possibility,  in  our  National  life,  which 
could  have  been  invoked  by  tbc  people  of  the  United  States  whrh  could  have  brought 
about  such  speedy,  astounding,  abundant  economic  results  as  have  been  produced  by 
Prohibition. 

(6)  WE  FIND  THAT 

Considering  the  fact  that  prohibition  has  been  one  of  the  big  outstanding  betterments  in 
civilization,  a  New  York  State  enforcement  law  is  a  crying  and  peremptory  need  to 
insure  the  continuance  of  the  moral  and  economic  blessings  of  this  new  and  radiant  star 
in  our  National  firmament.  The  Empire  State  must,  to  prosper  materially  and  socially, 
resume  her  position  with  her  Sister  States,  by  a  State  enforcement  law  wbrh  will  hold 
responsible  the  proper  officials  (high  or  low)  for  strict  observance  of  the  Nation's  man- 
date against  the  liquor  traffic. 

(7)  WE  FIND  THAT 

The  old  Biblical  injunction  is  ringing  in  your  ears 

"CHOOSE  YE  THIS  DAY." 


TWENTY-TWO 


CHART  V 


\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 


I3IQ      1311      I3IZ      13/3       I3H      1315      1316      1917      13  Id     1913     I3Z0     Ml      19  XX     19X3  13X4 


TWENTY-THREE 


CHART  VI 

PROHIBITION  AND  SALOONS  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY 

SURVEY  OF  191 J  AND  1922 
TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  LICENSES  IN  1918,  8.168 
1918  SURVEY  IN  1922.  2,302  1922 


BEFORE  and  AFTER 
PROHIBITION 


CHART  VII 

PROHIBITION  AND  SALOONS  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY 

SURVEY  OF  1916  AND  1924 
TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  LICENSES  IN  1916,  10,902 
1916  SURVEY  IN  1924,  2,834  1924 


I'K<  >l  1 1  BITK  >X 


THESE  TWO  CHARTS,  NO.  6  COMPARING  1922  WITH  l'M6,  FORM  OUR  FINDINGS  OF  Till  SURVEYS,  THE  DETAILS  OF 
AND  NO.  7  COMPARING  1924  WITH  1916,  GIVE  IN  GRAPHIC      WHICH  ARE  TO  BE  FOUND  IN  TABLES  D,  E,  AND  L. 


TABLE  H 

SHOWING  INCREASE  OR  DECREASE  IN  ASSESSED  VALUATION  OF 
WHICH  FORMERLY  WERE  OCCUPIED  WHOLLY  OR  IN  PART  BY 

A 

Assessed  Valuation  of  Saloon  Properties  Where  Xo  Changes  Occurred  Up  to  the  Time  of  This  Survey 
i  iyi6 — ■  n  <  


PROPERTIES  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY 
SALOONS  OR  LIQUOR  STORES 


1MJJ 


PROPER- 

LAND AND 

LAND  AND 

STREET 

TIES 

LAND' 

BUILDING 

LAND 

BUILDING 

LAND 

Tbird  Avenue 
Eighth  Avenue 
Xinth  Avenue 
Tenth  Avenue 

Bowery   

Broadway    .  ,  . 

.  3 

1 
1 

_> 
7 
1 

99,000 
63,000 
16,000 
41,000 
230,000 
58,000 

129,000 

65,000 
21,000 
66.500 
272,000 
60,000 

100,500 
56,000 
18,000 
51,000 

219,000 
64,000 

128,000 

59,000 
24,000 
78,000 
304,000 
66,000 

Increase 
Decrease 
Increase 
1 ncrease 
Decrease 
Increase 

1,500 
7.000 
2,000 
10.000 
11,000 
6,000 

Total  .... 

15 

507,000 

613,500 

508,500 

659,000 

Net  incr. 

1,500 

Increase 
Decrease 
Increase 
Increase 
I ncrease 
Increase 

Xet  incr. 


LAND  AND 
BUILDING 
1,000 

6,000 
3,000 
11,500 
32,000 
6,000 


47,500 


Former 

Saloon  Properties  Which 

Had  Chanced 

in  th:  First 

First  Avenue 

18 

281,500 

474,000 

314,500 

527,500 

Second  Avenue  . 

48 

1,002,200 

1,504,000 

1,148,200 

1,800,500 

Third  Avenue  . . 

62 

2,239,500 

2,989,000 

2,401,000 

3,435,500 

Filth  Avenue  . . . 

18 

916,000 

1,211,000 

2,023,800 

3,250,500 

Sixth  Avenue  .  . 

21 

1,819,500 

2,116,500 

2,341,500 

2,677,000 

Seventh  Avenue 

28 

3,250,500 

4,004,500 

5,782,500 

7,729,000 

Eighth  Avenue  . 

70 

4,878,500 

5,970,000 

7,228,500 

8,745,500 

Xinth  Avenue  . . 

37 

811,500 

1,224,500 

904,000 

1,314,500 

Tenth  Avenue 

19 

344,000 

529,000 

402,800 

587,000 

Eleventh  Avenue 

6 

99,500 

152,500 

109,000 

178,500 

Amsterdam  Ave. 

57 

2,262,100 

3,741,000 

2,652,500 

4,655,000 

Bowery   

27 

973,000 

1,188.000 

1,071,000 

1,438,500 

Broadway   

48 

24,042,000 

39,454,000 

34,037,000 

66,591,000 

Columbus  Ave.  . 

30 

2,137.500 

3,686,000 

2,299,500 

4,153.000 

Lexington  Ave. 

14 

512,000 

747,500 

628,000 

951,000 

14th  Street   

1 

165,000 

170,000 

200,000 

225,000 

23d  Street 

4 

252,500 

289,500 

337,000 

505,000 

42d  Street  ... 

19 

2,859,000 

3,242,000 

4,061,000 

4,613,000 

125th  Street  ... 

9 

911,000 

1,096,000 

1,204,000 

1,476.000 

Total 

536 

49.756,800 

73,789,000 

69,165,800 

114,853,000 

Three  Years  of  Prohibition 


Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
I ncrease 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
1 ncrease 
1 ncrease 
1 ncrease 
I ncrease 
Increase 
1 ncrease 
1 ncrease 
Increase 


33,000 
146,000 
161,500 
1,107,800 
522,000 
2,532,000 
2,350,000 
92,500 
58,800 
9,500 
390,400 
98,000 
9,995,000 
162,000 
116,000 
35,000 
104,500 
1,202,000 
293,000 


Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
Increase 
I ncrease 
1 ncrease 
Increase 
Increase 


53,500 
296,500 
446,500 
2,039,500 
560,500 
3,724,500 
2,775,500 
90,000 
58,000 
26,000 
914,000 
250,500 
27,137,000 
467,000 
203,500 
55,000 
215,500 
1,371,000 
380,000 


Increase  19,409,000      Increase  41,064,000 


Grand  Total  of  Tables  A,  B,  Also  Same  Data 
i  1916  \ 

LAND  AND 

PROPERTIES  LAND  BUILDING 

Manhattan  ..All  3,133,955,155  4,748,231,066 
Unchanged    B    15  507,000  613,500 

Changed    ....  536  49,756,800  73,789,000 

SOURCE:  Above  data  from  the  records  of  the  Board  of 
Compiled  by  Robert  t.  Corradini,  New  York,  November, 


With  Increase  for  All  Properties  in  Xevv  York  City 
 1922  >  r 


LAND. 

3,315,723,250 
508,500 
69,165,800 

Assessors,  New 
1922. 


LAND  AND 
BUILDING 

5,647,547,855 
659,000 
114,853,000 

York  City. 


I   Iy22  INCREASE  n 

LAND  AND 
LAND  BUILDING 

181,768,095  899,316,789 
1,500  45,500 
19,409,000  41,064,000 


(  Manhattan) 
1922  inc.  in  % 

land  and 
building 

18% 


LAND 

5% 
.2% 
39% 


7% 
55% 


TABLE  P 

HOTELS  AND  SALOONS  IN  NEW  YORK  STATE 

TOTAL  NUMBER 
N  U  M  BER  OF        N  0  M  BER  OF  OF  HOTELS 

HOTELS  SALOONS  AND  SALOONS 


Sept.  30,  1910    6,898  17,493  24,391 

Sept.  30,  1911    6,690  17,151  23,841 

Sept.  30,  1912    6,697  16,774  23,471 

Sept.  30,  1913    6,528  16,945  23,47 3 

Sept.  30,  1914    6,745  16,628  23,373 

Sept.  30,  1915    6,561  16,472  23,033 

Sent.  30,  1916    6,373  15,826  22,199 

Sept.  30,  1917    5,719  15,062  20,781 

Sept.  30,  1918    3,104  12,383  15,487 

Sept.  30,  1919    2,892  10,908  13,800 


Annual  Report,  State  Commissioner  of  Excise,  1919. 

TABLE  Q 

LOCAL  OPTION  IN  TOWNS  IN  NEW  YORK  STATE 


TOWNS 

TOWNS 

TOWNS  WITH 

WITH  FULL 

WITH  NO 

PARTIAL 

TOTAL 

LICENSE 

LICENSE 

LICENSE 

TOWNS 

Sept.  30,  1910 

....  294 

394 

245 

933 

Sept.  30,  1911 

326 

414 

193 

933 

Sept.  30,  1912 

366 

412 

155 

933 

Sept.  30,  1913 

374 

410 

149 

933 

Sept.  30,  1914 

384 

407 

142 

933 

Sept.  30,  1915 

371 

421 

140 

932 

Sept.  30,  1916 

322 

498 

113 

933 

Sept.  30,  1917 

310 

519 

104 

933 

Sept.  30,  1918 

208 

602 

122 

932 

Sept.  30,  1919 

209 

602 

121 

932 

Cities 

Sept.  30,  1919 

19 

18 

2 

39 

TWENCY-FIVE 


TABLE  K 

PERCENTAGE  OF  SALOONS  OF  MANHATTAN 
STILL  IN  BUSINESS,  AND  PERCENTAGE  DIS- 
CONTINUED SINCE  1916 


STREET  OR 

STILL  IN 

DISCONTINUED 

AVENUE 

BUSINESS 

SINCE  1916 

PER  CENT 

PER  CENT 

  26.08 

73.92 

  23.83 

76.17 

Third  Avenue  

  16.82 

83.18 

Fourtli  Avenue   

100. 

Fifth  Avenue   

  12.80 

87.20 

  13.52 

86.48 

Seventh  Avenue   

  18.05 

81.95 

Eighth  Avenue   

  18.14 

81.86 

Xinth  Avenue   

  21.12 

78.88 

Tenth  Avenue   

  38.80 

61.20 

  34.90 

65.10 

  19.40 

80.60 

  6.85 

93.15 

  11.80 

88.20 

  15.76 

84.24 

  20.86 

79.14 

Madison  Avenue   

  17.78 

82.22 

  13.88 

86.12 

  11.84 

88.16 

  18.82 

81.18 

25. 

75. 

  36.79 

63.21 

  31.72 

68.28 

West  Street   

  30.37 

69.63 

  33.84 

66.16 

Park  Avenue   

  23.64 

76.36 

  22.81 

77.19 

  21.92 

78.08 

Twenty-third  Street   

  29.20 

70.80 

  33.98 

66.02 

Forty-sec  and  Street  

  16.90 

83.10 

One   Hundred  twenty-fifth 

Street  7.92 

92.08 

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TWENTY-SEVEN 


TABLE  J 

SHOWING  SUMMARY  MADE  IN  MANHATTAN  (NEW  YORK  CITY)  INDICATING  NUMBER  AND  LOCATION 
OF  LICENSED  LIQUOR  DISPENSARIES  IN  THE  LAST  PRE-WAR  YEAR,  1916,  AND  THE  CHANGES 
WROUGHT  IN  THE  FIRST  FIVE  YEARS  OF  PROHIBITION 


-Licenses  in  1916- 


— Still  in  Business- 
Saloons   V 


Discontinued 


Street   or  Avenue 

Stores 

V) 

V 

0\ 

u 
bo 
E 

and 
rant 

0 

aloons 

Stores 

tores 

Stores 

tores 

S 
0 

y> c 
.2 

c 
'~ 

Lots 

iloon: 

5 
■? 

bo 
£ 

ea 
o 

irvey 

iloon 
estau 

c/3 
rt 

Dtal  S 

0 

rug  S 

iloon: 

0 
■% 

CO 

Q 

in 
■■■ 

V 

f  « 

0  £ 

•nova 

~~ 

tcant 

0. 
E 

H 

Ch 

u, 

Z 

u 

£-< 

Pi 

u 
£ 

1st  Avenue   . . 

iyo 

1  o 

10 

222 

999 

T  O 

38 

4 

1  A 
10 

j& 

1  n 

1U 

1  1  1 
144 

1  f\ 
1 0 

160 

212 

7 

158 

2 

19 

1 

2nd  Avenue  . 

778 

1  0 

i  l 

7  Z  O 

2d8 

ZDo 

3b 

z  x 
jj 

Q 
O 

1  7  £ 
I/O 

iy 

J 
0 

196 

278 

1 

125 

1 

22 

3rd  Avenue  .  . 

7^7 

J.J. 

17 

313 

J  lo 

23 

2 

15 

4  1 

1  fx 

71  1 
Zl  I 

44 

1 
1 

249 

453 

11 

191 

2 

44 

4th  Avenue   . . 

71 

i 
1 

o 

26 

•  • 

■ ; 

2 

91 

1 
1 

24 

48 

1 0 
18 

4 

2 

5th  Avenue  . . 

Aft 
4U 

o 

2 

51 

Z  1 

3  1 

D 

1 
1 

1 1 

JJ 

0 
y 

1 
1 

45 

57 

4 

25 

5 

1 

6lh  Avenue  . . 

87 

1  Q 

12 

1 13 

I  1  1 

I I  j 

6 

l 

i 

4 

1 1 

0 
0 

7  1 

1  Q 

iy 

A 
4 

94 

182 

3 

78 

3 

11 

1 

7th  Avenue  .  . 

1  f>C 
IUD 

1  " 
1 3 

5 

125 

1  ?s 

1  —  J 

15 

1 
1 

3 

1  Q 

1 

4 

8A 
(50 

1  - 

ID 

1 
1 

99 

143 

4 

OA 

80 

7 

10 

2 

8th  Avenue  . . 

1  OA 

111 
4U 

14 

248 

_4o 

24 

1 
1 

1 1 

1  X 
1 0 

1  t;a 

1  Do 

Aft 
4U 

1 

199 

273 

11 

171 

6 

32 

9th  Avenue  .  . 

1U4 

lo 

4 

126 

1  9^ 
1  iO 

1  o 

18 

4 

22 

-i 

87 
0— 

1  8 
lo 

1 
1 

104 

122 

3 

1  A*C 

106 

3 

23 

10th  Avenue  . 

oU 

1 U 

1 

91 

1)1 

25 

■ ; 

0 

1 

!1 
J  1 

4y 

1 1  \ 
1U 

1 
1 

60 

73 

3 

42 

14 

11th  Avenue  . 

Af* 
TO 

46 

40 

10 

5 

1 

30 

33 

1 1 

3 

13 

Amsterdam  Av 

1  78 
l_o 

AQ 

10 

186 

1  oO 

7  C 

2o 

Q 

1  Uo 

A  Q 
48 

1 
1 

152 

206 

3 

117 

1 

16 

Bowery   

4D 

2 

47 

4/ 

2 

i 
i 

•J 
0 

1 
1 

49 
4Z 

1 

44 

86 

1 

"39 

4 

1 

Broadway  .... 

10U 

A  ^ 

38 

0,11 

243 

1  o 

lo 

1  8 

14Z 

4D 

6 

193 

289 

5 

220 

14 

7 

Lenox  Ave.  .  .  . 

39 

1  ft 
1  o 

3 

60 

60 

4 

i 

1 

6 

1 

33 

1  8 
1  8 

2 

53 

81 

45 

5 

Lexington  Av. 

34 

■7 

o 

5 

42 

42 

5 

l 

1 

7 

4 

27 

J 

1 
1 

31 

74 

1 

45 

11 

Madison  Av.  . 

29 

12 

7 

48 

48 

3 

5 

6 

24 

12 

1 

37 

50 

2 

24 

3 

2 

Columbus  Av. 

58 

28 

14 

100 

100 

o 

8 

8 

12 

50 

28 

2 

80 

131 

1 

63 

2 

21 

Park  Row  .  .  . 

18 

2 

20 

20 

2 

2 

2 

16 

16 

28 

18 

Grand  Street  . 

22 

's 

4 

31 

31 

2 

2 

4 

3 

18 

5 

'  i 

24 

27 

20 

2 

"l 

Washingt'n  St. 

40 

6 

46 

46 

10 

10 

30 

6 

36 

44 

20 

3 

5 

•JUUIII     JL1  CCl 

33 

33 

33 

10 

*2 

12 

21 

21 

12 

1 

Pearl  Street  . 

29 

'l 

31 

31 

7 

2 

9 

20 

"2 

22 

26 

16 

i 

1 

West  Street  .  . 

73 

1 

"i 

75 

75 

18 

3 

i 

22 

51 

1 

i 

53 

68 

40 

li 

St.  NichTs  Av 

24 

6 

3 

33 

33 

5 

3 

8 

'3 

16 

6 

22 

36 

24 

'i 

Park  Avenue  . 

39 

9 

1 

49 

49 

9 

9 

1 

30 

9 

39 

55 

16 

ii 

3 

Greenwich  St. 

53 

5 

2 

60 

60 

12 

12 

2 

41 

5 

46 

82 

31 

2 

1 

14th  Street   . . 

14 

2 

1 

17 

17 

2 

i 

3 

11 

2 

i 

14 

24 

13 

23rd  Street   .  . 

16 

1 

1 

18 

18 

T 

2 

1 

4 

12 

1 

1 

15 

20 

4 

34th  Street    .  . 

3 

3 

6 

6 

i 

1 

i 

2 

2 

4 

7 

2 

42nd  Street   .  . 

30 

"a 

3 

37 

37 

i 

"3 

'i 

5 

1 

25 

4 

2 

32 

45 

2 

27 

'3 

125th  Street  .  . 

26 

5 

2 

33 

33 

2 

2 

2 

24 

5 

14 

49 

28 

2 

Totals    ...  2 

263 

391 

180 

2,834 

2,834 

349 

37 

75 

461 

145 

1,802 

391 

35 

2,208 

3,338 

66 

1,822 

96 

266 

11 

SOURCE:  Number  of  licenses  from  Annual  Reports  of  the  Department 
Compiled  by  the  Research  Department,  World  League  Against  Alcoholism 


of  Excise,  State  of  New  York. 

Robert  E.  Corradini,  New    York,  September,  1924. 


TABLE  R 


SHOWING  RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENSES  OF  THE  EXCISF  DEPARTMENT  FOR  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK  FOR 
THE  FISCAL  YEARS  1910  TO  1919.  ALSO  TAXES  LEVIED  ON  REAL  AND  PERSONAL  ESTATE  IN  THE 
CITY  OF  NEW  YORK  FROM  1900  TO  1923 


+.TOTAL  RECEIPTS 

FROM  THE 

§EXPENSES 

LIQUOR  TRAFFIC 

OF  EXCISE 

(n.  y.  state) 

DEPARTMENT 

Ureal  estate  tax 

PERSONAL  ESTATE  TAX 

AGGREGATE  TAX 

1900   

  $12,467,674.40 

$284,779.36 

$  71,767,393.00 

$10,780,806.00 

$  82,548,199.00 

1901   

  12,511,368.71 

309,713.31 

75,632,267.00 

12,609,586.00 

88,241,853.00 

1902   

  *17,741,257.45 

296,877.67 

76,303,322.00 

11,875,290.00 

88,178,612.00 

1903   

  17,879,635.52 

313,593.93 

67,927,925.00 

9,703,862.00 

77,631,787.00 

1904   

  18,197,905.60 

327,935.66 

76,552,164.00 

9,516,238.00 

86,068,402.00 

1905   

  18,719,323.85 

335,455.84 

78,625,867.00 

10,352,861.00 

88,980,728.00 

1906   

  119,057,236.44 

332,575.23 

85,650.130.00 

8,444,975.00 

94,095,105.00 

1907   

  |  8,044,537.27 

359,115.88 

93,635.303.00 

8,312,365.00 

101,947,668.00 

1908   

  18,005,493.58 

377,725.91 

109,452,266.00 

7,088,825.00 

116,541,091.00 

1909   

  18,102,822.19 

399,167.74 

115,245,612.00 

7,497,018.00 

122,742,630.00 

1910   

  18,319,880.27 

382,682.28 

124,885,170.00 

6,589,806.00 

131,474,976.00 

1911   

  18,210,083.89 

402,348.52 

136,052,014.00 

6,185,743.00 

142,237,757.00 

1912   

  18,142,557.69 

421,345.79 

144,658,760.00 

6,297,942.00 

150,956,702.00 

1913   

  18,109,270.61 

422,379.04 

145,832,971.00 

5,913,293.00 

151,786,264.00 

1914   

  17,766,783.17 

360,770.43 

144,420,585.00 

6,083,309.00 

150.503.894.00 

1915   

  21,068,145.20 

325,214.71 

153,673,529.00 

6,622,168.00 

160,295,797.00 

1916   

  20,747,508.56 

319,652.58 

168,676,357.00 

7,705,522.00 

176,381,879.00 

1917   

  22,616,442.77 

367,394.16 

168,555,809.00 

8,511,365.00 

177,067,174.00 

1918   

  21,887,026.86 

379,552.86 

198,232,811.00 

5,879,263.00 

204,112,074.00 

1919   

197,050,946.00 

8,435,714.00 

205,486,661.00 

1920   

215,904,822.78 

7,116,247.60 

223,021,070.38 

1921   

278,218,382.59 

5,928,251.48 

284,146,634.07 

1922   

282,458,373.48 

5,770,660.40 

288,229,033.88 

1923   

290,362,320.76 

5,912,773.19 

296,275,093.95 

'Liquor  ta\  rati^  increase.  SOURCE:    §  Annual  Reports,  Commissioner  of  Excise,  State  of  New 

tChange  of  fiscal  year.  York. 

tTotal  revenue  from  the  liquor  traffic  represents  receipts  for  the  whole                            II Report  of  Commissioners  of  Taxes  and  Assessments  of 

state.  Y.  C. 


TWENTY-EIGHT 


TABLE  I 

THE  SUBTOINED  MIRROR  REFLECTS  THE  EF- 
FECTS OF  PROHIBITION  ON  OUR  COMMERCIAL 
AND  INDUSTRIAL  LIFE  AS  SEEN  THROUGH 
THE  MYRIADS  OF  NEW  BUSINESS  ENTER- 
PRISES WHICH  HAVE  ABSORBED  THE  PREM- 
ISES. CLIENTELE  AND  THE  FINANCIAL  SUP- 
PORT OF  THE  FORMER  SALOONS  AND  LIQUOR 
STORES 


1 

1 

Aquariums 

A7. 

Hats  for  Men 

'  £ 

Amusement  Hall 

AA 
04 

Hosiery 

3 

Antiques 

0.7 

.Hotels 

A 

4 

Army  and  Navy  Stores 

AA 
00 

I  m  porter 

E 
0 

Artificial  Flowers 

A7 
0/ 

Interior  Decorator 

O 

Artists'  Supplies 

OS 

Jewelry 

7 

Art  Stores 

AO 
Ov 

Kiddie  Liotnes 

o 
(S 

Auction  Rooms 

7(1 

Labor  Union  Hall 

9 

Automobiles 

7  1 

Laces 

1  c\ 
1U 

Auto  supplies 

77 

Ladies'  Underwear 

1 1 

rsaby  stores 

Ladies'  Wearing  Apparel 

.  \£ 

Bags 

7>1 

Laundries 

1  j 

Bakeries 

/  5 

Lighting  Fixtures 

1  A 

Hanks 

7A 
/O 

Linoleums 

1  - 

1  ."1 

Barbers 

77 

Lunch  Rooms 

Bathing  Suits 

78 
/  o 

Meat 

1  7 

Batteries 

70 

Medical  Equipment 

1  o 

18 

Hearts 

an 

Men's  C  lothcs 

1  o 

ly 

Beauty  Parlors 

81 

o  1 

Men  s  Pants 

nirrts 

8? 

Millinery 

7  1 

Books 

81 

M  irrors 

T> 
11 

Hottlert  Croons 

o4 

Mission 

1  7 

lo 

Rric-a-Brac 

a:; 

OJ 

Money  Exchange 

outlets 

8A 
no 

Motion  Picture  1  heaters 

Butcher  Supplies 

0/ 

Motion    Picture  Studios 

26 

Cabarets 

OO 
fSfS 

Motion  Picture  Supplies 

n 

Cafeteria 

BO 

oV 

Music  Stores 

its 

Camp  Outfitters 

on 
yu 

Neckties 

on 

Carpets 

n  l 

Notions 

.Ml 

Chemical  Products 

o? 
y^ 

Novelties 

0  1 

Lnop  suey 

OT. 

yj 

Nuts 

1"> 
■SC 

Cigars 

OJ. 

Office  Supplies 

X  X 

oo 

Cobblers 

Vj 

\->n  idioms 

7  A 

34 

Coffee  Houses 

OA 
V0 

Oil  Importers 

7  c 

Confectioners 

07 

Optometrist 

7^ 
36 

Corsets 

no 
Vft 

Orangeade 

77 

(.  rockery 

yy 

Oyster  Bar 

38 

C  utlery 

LUU 

Paint 

in 

y> 

Dairy 

1  m 

nil 

Paper  Bags 

40 

Delicatessen 

in) 
1 1 1_ 

I  'awnshop 

41 

Dcmocratic  Club 

1  O  I 
1  W.i 

Pharmacies 

42 

Department  Stores 

1 U4 

Photo  Studio 

'11 

Doughnuts 

1  ri  - 
1  Uj 

Photographic  Supplies 

44 

Drv  Goods 

1  OA 

i  uo 

Pianos 

45 

Dyeing  &  Cleaning 

1  n7 

1  late  dlass 

46 

Electrical  Supplies 

1  no 

Plumbing  Shops 

A7 
4/ 

Embroidery 

109 

I     f  *  f  \  I        It  i- W~»  Til  C 

48 

Employment  Agencies 

110 

Poultry 

49 

Express  Offices 

111 

Premium  Stores 

50 

Fish 

112 

Printing  Shops 

51 

"5  &  10c  Stores" 

113 

Produce,  Wholesale 

:  52 

Florists 

114 

Quilt  Stores 

53 

Fruit 

115 

Radio 

54 

Furniture 

116 

Restaurant 

55 

Furs 

117 

Rotisserie 

56 

Glassware 

118 

Rubber  Coats 

57 

Gowns 

119 

Rugs 

58 

Grills 

120 

Saddler 

59 

Groceries 

121 

Sewing  Machines 

60 

Haberdashery 

122 

Shirts 

61 

Hardware 

123 

Shoe  Polish 

62 

Hat  Cleaning 

124 

Shoes  for  Men 

25  Shoes  for  Women 

26  Shoes  for  Children 

27  Sign  Painting 

28  Silk  Stores 

29  Soft  Drinks 

30  Spaghetti  House 

31  Sport  Goods 

32  Stationery 

33  Steamship  Agency 

34  Storage  Warehouse 

35  Store  Fixtures 

36  Surgical  Instruments 

37  Sweaters 

38  Swimming  Tool 

39  Tailors 

40  Teas  and  Coffees 

41  Tea  Rooms 

42  Tires 

43  Toys 

44  Trimmings 

45  Trunks 

46  Typewriters 

47  Umbrellas 

48  Upholstery 

49  Vegetables 

50  Vermin  Exterminators 

51  Victrolas 

52  Warehouses 

53  Watchmaker 

54  Wool  Stock  Merchandise 

MANUFACTURING: 

55  Cigars 

56  Clothing 

57  Confectionery 

58  Cosmetics 

59  Crayons 

60  Electrical  Supplies 

61  Leather  Belting 

62  Macaroni 

63  Machine  Shops 

64  Mayonnaise 


165  Paper 

166  Pharmaceutical 

167  Pickles 

168  Pipes 

169  Plumbing 

170  Printing 

171  Radiators 

172  Sculptures 

173  Sheet  Irons 

174  Soft  Drinks 

175  Tin-smiths 

OFFICES: 

17n  Bail  Bond  Broker 

177  Building  Contractor 

178.  Cash  Registers 

179  Dentist 

180  Engineering 

181  Law  Offices 

182  Loan  Broker 

183  Newspaper 

184  Nurses  Settlement 

185  Real  Estate 

186  Taxi-cab 

187  Telegraph 

188  Wholesale  Drugs 

STANDS: 

189  Candv 

190  Fruit 

191  Newspapers 

192  Soft  Drinks 

193  Neckties 

USED  ARTICLE 
STORES: 

194  Automobiles 

195  Clothes 
106  Furniture 
197  Machines 
108  Motors 

199  Rummage  Sales 

200  Shoes  . 


TABLE  G 

ESTIMATED  AMOUNT  OF  MONEY  EXPENDED  IN 
ERECTING  NEW  BUILDINGS  ON  PREMISES 
WHICH  FORMERLY  HOUSED  SALOONS  AS  RE- 
PORTED TO  Till'.  BUILDING  DEPARTMENT  IN- 
OBTAINING  BUILDING  PERMITS 

APPLICATION' 

NUMBER                          STREET                            DATE  AMOUNT 

117-20                 7th  Avenue               1020  $  250.000 

277-21                 7th  Avenue               1921  25,000 

125-21                 7th  Avenue                1021  300,000 

221-22                 7th  Avenue               1922  5,500,000 

150-21                 8th  Avenue               1021  100,000 

351-21                 8th  Avenue               1021  1,500,000 

351-10                 8th  Avenue               1010  160,000 

47-21                  8th  Avenue               1021  3,000,000 

456-21                 8th  Avenue               1021  15,000 

377-21                11th  Avenue               1021  300,000 

11-22                 Broarlwav                    1922  60,000 

47-21                 Broadway                    1021  3,000,000 

154-19                Broadway                   1919  1,500 

70-20                Broadway                   1920  300,000 

74-21                 Bowery                       1921  32,000 

141-21                Bowerv                      1921  25,000 

264-20                West  125th  St.            1920  65,000 

Total  premises    17 

Total  amount  expended    $14,633,500 

Average  on  each  property    860,794 


TABLE  O 

NUMBER  OF  BREWERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  INTOXICATING  BEVERAGES  IN  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 

FROM  1910  TO  1918 

1910           1911           1912           1013  1914  1915  1916  1917  1918 

Brewers                                           194            194            186            183  168  171  161  153  113 

Malt  Liquor: 

Retail  Dealers   ...'                   510            562            611             711  533  483  453  519  450 

Wholesale  Dealers                     813          1,029          1,025          1,032  918  891  942  1,000  707 

Total  Malt,  Liquor  Dealers  ... .  1,323  1,591  1,636  1,743  1,451  1,374  1,395  1,519  1,157 
Liquor  Dealers: 

Retail                                    34,374        33,806        33,410        33,811  32,791  32,200  30,185  30,547  19,226 

Wholesale                                1,350          1,518          1,564          1,500  1,553  1,452  1,456  1,646  1,500 

Total  Liquor  Dealers                   35,724        35,324        34,974        35,311  34,344  33,652  31,641  32,193  20,726 

Number  of  Retail  Dealers             34,884        34,368        34,021         34,522  33,324  32,683  30.638  31,066  19,676 

Dealer  per  Population                     261                                               278  293    329  336  541 

SOURCE:     Year  Books  of  the  United  States  Brewers'  Association. 


TWENTY-NINE 


SOME  OF  THE  SALOONS  WHICH  HAVE  YIELDED  FROM  ONE-THIRD  TO  THREE-FOURTHS  OF  THE  SPACE 

TO  OTHER  CONCERNS 


JUST  A  FEW  SAMPLES  OF  BEFORE  AND  AFTER.    THE  SAME  PROPERTIES  BEFORE  AND  AFTER  PROHIBITION 


ROSTER  OF  THE  WORLD  LEAGUE 
AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 


JOINT  PRESIDENTS 
Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon,  Evanaton,  III..  U.S.A. 
Robert  ELebcod,  pii.il,  Lausanne,  Switzerland 
Right  Hon.  Leif  Jones,  Castle  Howard,  York,  Kvglnna 
Ret.  Howabd  H.  Russell,  d.d.,  ll.d.,  Westerville,  Ohio.  U.S.A. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS 

Argentina — Miss  Hardynia  K.  Nortille  Australia — Rev.  R.  I!.  S.  Hammond  d.d.  Belgium — Hon.  Emiie  Vandebvei.de 

Canada — JUDGE  Eugene  LaFontaine  Denmark — Lars  Larsen-Ledet  England — The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Donai  d  Maclean, 

Finland — Hon.  Santeri  Ai.kio  France — M.  Fbedebic  Riemain  Ireland — Hamu  ton  M'Cleebt  Japan  — H.  Nagao 

Mexico — Prof.  Andres  Osuna  Netherlands — Prof.  I.  R.  Si.ote.maker  de  Bruine,  fii.ii. 
New  Zealand — Hon.  George  Fowlds  Norway — Avocat  O.  Solnordal  Scotland — Sib  Joseph  McLay 

South  Africa — Wiiiiam  Chappei.I.  Sweden — Senator  Ai.KXIS  R.iorkma.n  Switzerland — Prof.  Hans  HuNZICKEB 

United  States  of  America — *Rf.v.  P.  A.  Baker,  d.d.  Uruguay— Dr.  Joaquin  de  Sai.terain 

GENERAL  SECRETARY 

Ernest  H.  CHEBBINGTON,  LL.D.,  LITT.D.,  W'cstcrrillc,  Ohio.  U.S.A. 


EXECUTIVE 

Canada — Rev.  Ben  H.  Sperce,  GEOBGE  II.  LEES 
Denmark — Lars  LAB8EN-LEDET 

England — C.  W.  Sai.eeby.  m.d.,  f.r.s.e.  ;  GEORGE  B.  Wilson.  B.A.; 

Rev.  Henry  Carter;  Right  Rev  .1.  H.  B.  Mastlkman.  Bishop 

of  Plymouth;  Miss  Agnes  Slack 
France — J  EAR  METEIL 
Ireland — Rev.  John  GAILET,  r.a. 
Mexico — Rev.  .1.  X.  Pascoe 

The  Joint  Presidents  and  the  Gen 


COMMITTEE 

Scotland — W.  .1.  Allison,  R.  A.  Munroe.  Mrs.  George  Milne 
Sweden — Senator  Alexis  Bjobkman 

United  Stales — Bishop  James  Cannon.  Jr..  d.d.;  Wayne  B. 
Wheeli  k.  LL.D. j  *Rev.  P.  A.  Baker,  d.d.;  Arthur  J.  Davis, 
Miss  Coba  Frames  Stoddard,  h.a. :  Mrs.  Ella  A.  Boole. 
*Mrs.  DEBORAH  Knox  Livingston.  Mrs.  Lenna  Lowe  Yost, 
Harry  S.  Warner 

iral  Secretary  Members  Ex-Officio 


PERMANENT  [NTERNA1  I  OX  A  I.  COMMITTEE 
Rev.  R.  B.  S.  Hammond,  d.d..  Australia;  Rev.  M.  X.  Popoff,  Huh/aria;  George  F.  Lloyd,  Canada;  Lars  Larsen-Ledet,  Denmark; 
Rev.  Henry  Carter,  England;  Right  Rev.  J.  11.  B.  Masterman,  Bishop  of  Plymouth,  England;  C.  W.  Sai.eeby,  m.d..  f.r.s.e., 
England;  George  B.  Wilson,  h.a..  England ;  Hon.  Xiii.o  Liakka,  Finland;  Fbedebic  Riemain.  Finnic;  Ftienne  Matter.  Frame; 
Peter  Hai.dorson,  Iceland;  Mrs.  Emily  Moffat  Clow.  Ireland;  Dr.  M.  Yamaguchi,  Japan;  Rev.  E.  B.  Vargas,  Mexico;  Rev. 
John  Dawson,  New  Zealand;  Avocat  O.  Solnordal,  Norway;  Rev.  Ruperto  Ai.gorta.  Peru;  W.  J.  Allison,  Scotland;  Andrew 
Law,  Scotland;  Prof.  Georges  K.  Stattch,  Serbia:  Senator  Ai  exis  Bjorkman,  Sweden  ;  Rev.  A.  J.  Cook.  South  Africa;  L.  B. 
Musgrove,  U.S.A.;  Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr.,  U.S.A.;  Ernest  H.  Ciierrington,  ll.d.,  litt.d.,  U.S.A.;  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  ll.d., 
U.S.A.;  Howard  H.  Russell,  d.d.,  ll.d.,  U.S.A.;  ARTHUR  J.  Davis,  U.S.A.;  Miss  Cora  F.  Stoddard,  r.a..  U.S. A  ;  Miss  Anna  A. 
Gordon,  U.S.A.;  Rev.  Ira  Landrith,  d.d.,  U.S.A.;  Mrs.  Frances  P.  Parks,  U.S.A.;  Dr.  Balthazar  Brum,  Uruguay;  Leonard 
Page,  Wales. 

'Deceased. 


THIRTY  -  ONE 


